296 PARASITES OF ANIMALS 



worm, which he calls Pterygodermatitis plagiostoma. This is 

 allied to Froelich's genus Rictularia. As regards the mole 

 (Talpa europcua], two flukes have been described (Distomum 

 fiexuosum and Honostomum ocreatum), also two round worms, 

 namely, Ascaris incisa, occupying the peritoneum, and Spiro- 

 ptera strumosa in the cavity of the stomach. Dr Schneider 

 places the latter with the FilariaB. A little tapeworm (Tania 

 bacillaris) infests the small intestines, and a larval cestode 

 occupies the liver and subcutaneous connective tissues. This is 

 the well-known Cysticercus talpa, which Leuckart and others 

 have referred to as being the scolex or juvenile state of Tania 

 tenuicollis infesting weasles (Hustelida) . The Cysticercus is 

 also found inArvicola arvalis. In regard to the shrews, many 

 species of fluke have been described as occupying the intes- 

 tines. In Sorex araneus and S. leucodon, the Distoma migrans; 

 in 8. constrictus, the D. exasperatum ; in 8. tetragonurus, the 

 D. corrugatum and D. rub ens ; the last-named fluke, with two 

 others (D. instabile and D. truncatum), being also found in 

 Daubenton's shrew. The tapeworms are numerous Tania 

 neglecta, T. furcata, T. unciriata, T. pistillum, T. tiara, T. 

 scalaris, T. scutigera. With the exception of the last named, 

 all these forms occur in the common shrew. According to the 

 investigations of M. Villot the cysticercal stage of T. pistil I nut 

 is to be found in the glow-worm (Glomeris). This scolex 

 (Staphylocystis micr acanthus, Villot) multiplies by proliferation, 

 and in this way the swallowing of a single intermediate host 

 may result in the formation of a hundred or more tapeworms. 

 Another species of Staphylocystis (8. biliarius) is considered by 

 Villot to be the larval source of T. scutigera and T. scalar its, 

 . which are perhaps identical species. A small Echiuorhynchus 

 (E. appendiculaius), found in the intestines and also encysted in 

 the mesentery of the shrew, in like manner becomes transferred 

 to the stomach of the fox. The nematodes of shrews possess 

 little interest. In the common shrew the only species known 

 are Trichosoma splenaceum and an immature worm, whilst iii 

 Sorex tetragonurus we have T. incrassatum, occupying the 

 tunica vaginalis of the testis, and Strongylus depressus in the 

 intestines. Not many other insectivora appear to have been 

 studied in relation to their internal parasites. A larval cestodo 

 has been noticed in the Russian musk rat (Hygale), and plso 

 a tapeworm (Tania sph&rocephala) in the golden mole (67/r//xo- 

 chloris). Several flukes and a tapeworm have been found in 



