322 PARASITES OF ANIMALS 



p. 226, and in ' Rudolphi's Synopsis/ p. 186.Molin, " Una 

 Monografia del gen. Spiroptera," 'Aus dem Sitzungsb. d. 

 m.-nat. 01. d. k. Akad. d. Wissensch./ Bd. xxxviii, 1859, s. 911, 

 Wien, I860. Whitefield, in ' Edin. New. Phil. Journ./ edited by 

 Jamieson, 1829, p. 58. 



PART VIII (RUMINANTIA). 



In the matter of parasites this order of mammalian animals 

 stands second in importance. An entire volume of the dimen- 

 sions of the present would barely do justice to the subject. 

 Although in the article " Ruminantia " in ' Todd's Cyclo- 

 paedia/ and in my popular treatise on the mammalia, I have 

 described the oxen (Bovida) and sheep (jEgoscerida) as separate 

 families, I shall here speak of their entozoa together ; and, at 

 the same time, I shall introduce occasional reference to the 

 helminths of the antelopes and gnoos (Aniilopida) , also of the 

 giraffes (Camelopardida), the deer tribe (Cervidce), the camels, 

 and the llamas (Camelidce). The parasites of the last family, 

 however, will necessarily stand somewhat apart. 



Almost all ruminants harbor the liver fluke (Fasciola Ticpa- 

 tica). This worm has been found in every variety of the 

 common ox and zebu (Bos taurus, var. Indicus), in the sheep, 

 goat, and argali (Ovis aries, Gapra hircus, and G. argali) r in 

 the antelopes and gazelle (A. dorcas), in red-deer, roe, and 

 fallow (Gervus claphus, G. caprcoluSj and G. dama), and in the 

 two-humped camel (Gamelus bactrianus). A closely-allied but 

 much larger species of fluke (F. giganted) infests the giraffe 

 (Gamelopardalis). All these animals are more or less liable to 

 suffer from the "rot" which is produced by these flukes. Into 

 the history of the affection the space at my command does 

 not permit me to enter, but as regards the development of the 

 common fluke I believe the following conclusions to be tolerably 

 well founded. I had long entertained the opinion that our 

 common Planorbis plays the role of intermediate bearer, and 

 this view has at length received confirmation. 



1. The liver fluke, in its sexually-mature state (Fasc. hepatica), 

 gives rise to the disease commonly called rot; this affection 

 being also locally termed coathe (Dorsetshire, Devon), lies (Corn- 

 wall), and bane (Somersetshire). In France it is known as 

 the Gachexie aqueuse, and more popularly as pourriture. In 



