332 PARASITES OF ANIMALS 



musk-ox, elk, roe, fallow, red-deer, goat, and dorcas-antelope ; 

 also in Cervus campestris, G. nambi, G. rufus, and C. simplicornis. 

 Prof. Garrod has also recently shown me examples from the 

 sambu deer of India (G. Aristotelis) . Diesing's A. lunatum, 

 infesting Cervus dichotomies, is inadmissible. Two other species 

 of Amphistome (A. explanatum, A. crumeniferum) are said to 

 infest the zebu ; and I have described another (A. tuberculatum) 

 from the intestines of Indian cattle. An aberrant amphis- 

 tomatoid entozoon (Gyrocotyle rugosa) has been found in a Cape 

 antelope (A. pygarga). Of more interest, however, is the cir- 

 cumstance that Dr Sonsino has discovered a species of Bilharzia 

 (B. bovis) in Egyptian cattle and in sheep. The eggs of this 

 species are distinctive, being fusiform and narrowed towards 

 either pole. 



Comparatively few tapeworms are found in ruminants. Cattle 

 are infested by Tania expansa and T. denticulata, the former of 

 these two species being also more or less prevalent in sheep, 

 antelopes, and deer. Other alleged species (Ttenia fimbriata 

 and T. caprce) appear to me more than doubtful. Unquestion- 

 ably the common Tania expansa is capable of giving rise to 

 severe epizooty among lambs. The privately communicated 

 evidence of Professors Brown and Axe, and published evidence 

 supplied by Messrs Cox and Robertson on this head, are con- 

 clusive. Mr George Rugg has also (in a letter to Prof. Simonds, 

 dated Dec. 4th, 1878) communicated the particulars of an out- 

 break in which " large numbers of lambs perished rapidly" from 

 tapeworms in the intestines, the parasites varying from one to 

 five or six feet in length. This tapeworm (T. expansa) is also 

 very prevalent in Germany. Ruminants, however, both at home 

 and abroad, suffer much more severely from bladder-worms. 

 Of these, Echinococcus veterinorum, Gysticercus tenuicollis, and 

 Coenurus cerebralis, are not only shared alike by all varieties of 

 cattle, sheep, and goats, but they also infest the deer tribe, 

 antelopes, the giraffe, and even camels. In 1859 I obtained 

 the slender-necked hydatid from a spring-bok (Gazella) . Besides 

 these larval cestodes, cattle are very liable to harbor measles 

 (Gysticercus bovis), whilst sheep also entertain an armed Cysti- 

 cercus (C. ovis). I cannot again dwell at any length upon the 

 source of these immature helminths, but I may remark upon 

 the extreme frequency of measles in Indian cattle. This is 

 explained by the careless habits of the people. They not only 

 consume veal and beef in an imperfectly cooked state, but when 



