KUMINANTIA 349 



which a long experience with human patients suggested, not 

 wishing to appear to dictate to those who are constantly seeing 

 animals. However, since (contrary to my own wishes) it has 

 happened that both professional men and agriculturists have 

 not only invited me to give opinions, but have, at various times, 

 asked me to prescribe, it seems there can have been no impro- 

 priety in publishing my views on this subject. Certainly I 

 have had no professional motives to serve. 



Of the few non-strongyloid nematodes, one of the commonest 

 is Trichocephalus affinis. I have obtained this worm from the 

 giraffe, and the parasite may be said to infest all ruminating 

 animals, not excluding even the camels and llamas. As before 

 remarked, the whipworm has been known to produce severe 

 symptoms in man, and it occasions " scour " in the sheep. The 

 eyes of cattle are occasionally infested by Filaria lacrymalis 

 and F. papillosa. The last named is the common eye-worm 

 of the horse. On Feb. 27th, 1875, Dr Edward L. Moss, of 

 H.M.S. " Alert/' brought me three examples of a nematode 

 which I referred to Filaria terebra. Dr Moss obtained these 

 parasites in 1874, during the time that he had charge of the 

 Naval Hospital at Esquimalt, Vancouver's Island. They occu- 

 pied the abdominal cavity of the black-tailed deer (Cervus 

 columbianus) . The worms were mostly found lying amongst 

 the coils of the small intestine. They were not attached to the 

 peritoneal membrane. Dr Moss had shot seventeen deer in all, 

 the males and females being in about equal proportion ; never- 

 theless, not one of the bucks showed any trace of the presence 

 of these entozoa. This absence of parasites in the male deer 

 is noteworthy. Hitherto the worm appears to have been 

 observed in the red deer (0. elaphus), and by Natterer in three 

 species of American roe (C. rufus, C. simplicicornis, and 0. 

 nambi). Two of the worms measured each about 2^" in length, 

 the third exceeding 3". They displayed in profile two promi- 

 nent oral papillae. Probably there were four of these processes, 

 such as Dujardin described in his Filaria cervina, which, 

 according to Diesing, is a synonym. They all possessed 

 spirally twisted tails. 



Amongst the arachnidan parasites of ruminants having 

 entozoal habits are Pentastoma denticulatum and P. constrictum. 

 The former larval worm is excessively common in cattle, sheep, 

 deer, and antelopes. According to Rhind, the adult worm 

 (P. tanioides) also infests the sheep. The P. constrictum has 



