350 PARASITES OF ANIMALS 



hitherto only been found in the giraffe. On the 1 Oth February, 

 1859, I obtained numerous examples (P. denticulatum) from a 

 bubale (Antilope bubalis) which died at the Zoological Society's 

 Gardens. The greater number occupied the surface of the 

 lungs and intestines ; some few, however, were enclosed in 

 cysts beneath the pleura. In the spring of 1860 I also pro- 

 cured several specimens from the abdomen of a cape guevi 

 (Cephalopus pygmaus). 



The ectozoa of ruminants have received much attention, but 

 I can merely indicate the known forms. Following Megnin's 

 classification we have three well-marked varieties of the acarine 

 genus Sarcoptes (S. scabiei, var. ovis, var. caprte, and var. 

 cameli), two varieties of Psoroptes (P. longirostris , var. bovis 

 and ovis), and Ghorioptes spathiferus. This last is the true 

 mange mite of the ox (or Symbiotes bovis of Gerlach). A 

 variety of the follicle mite infests the sheep (Demodex foil !<>/- 

 lorum, var. ovis). Numerous species of tick (Ixodida) have 

 been more or less fully described. Of these we have the Cara- 

 partos of the Portuguese (Ixodes bovis), attacking cattle ; the J. 

 reduvius, attacking sheep ; the I. plumbeus, said to attack 

 lambs ; the I. albipictus and J. unipictus, found on the moose- 

 deer. Probably this species also attacks cattle. A most 

 horrible arachnidan is found on camels. I allude to Galeodes 

 araneoides belonging to the Solpugidte. This parasite will bite 

 severely any person who attempts to dislodge it from the bearer. 

 Turning to the insects, we find ruminants liable to be annoyed 

 alike by flies (Diptera), fleas (Aphaniptera) , and lice (Hemiptera) . 

 Various species of four different families of flies are apt to prove 

 troublesome. Of the OEstrida, attacking the ox, we have Hypo- 

 derma bovis, whose larvae form tumours or warbles on the back ; 

 also H. lineata, Dermatobia noxialis, and Gephenomyia bovis 

 (mihi). The larvae of the latter reside at the root of the tongue 

 and adjacent parts. In the sheep we have CEstrus ovis, (E. pur- 

 pur eus, and Hypoderma lineata. Various species also attack 

 goats and antelopes. Dr Kirk presented me with specimens of 

 CEstrus from the frontal sinuses of a harte-beest or caama, and 

 they have also been obtained from the sassabe, the saiga or colus, 

 from the gnoo, and from the brindled gnoo, kokoon or gorgon. 

 Mr Charles Danford presented me with several bots from an 

 ibex. One or more species of Hypoderma have likewise been 

 removed from the gazelle and other antelopes. The deer tribe 

 are much attacked by bots. In the red deer we have Hyp. action 



