3 7- 



^0effrtt*ri. 



jzf. 



*%a.V. *?ftm(it&. - ~^~ r ** ! ~^y~-=^ f ~^ *^f.$?'(}'rzvos'cZ > 



Fig. 7. 



FIG. 1. 



1. Upper mandible (often, but incorrectly, called maxilla) 



of the beak (L. rostrum). 



2. Lower mandible. 



3. Ridge (L. culnien). 



4. Cutting edge (L. tomium ; pi. tomia). The word Com- 



missure, referring to the line of junction between the 

 two mandibles, is also used. 



5. Angle of the lower mandible, a projection present in 



many birds, sometimes called gonys (Gr. gonu, a 

 knee, hence bend ; not to be confused with Gr. genus, 

 underjaw or genys). 



6. Lores, space between bill and eye. 



7. Nostrils (L. nares). 



8. Rictal or gape bristles (L. rictus, opened mouth). 



9. Flanges, margins of gape. 



10. Forehead (L. frons), adj. frontal. 



11. Crown (L. vertex). 



lla. Nape (L. nucha), adj. nuchal. 



12. Ear coverts or auriculars (L. auricula, ear). 



13. Malar region or cheek (L. mala). 



14. Hind-neck (L. cervix). 

 1 la. Side of neck. 



146. Fore neck. 



15. Back (L. dorsum), adj. dorsal. 



16. Scapulars (feathers over scapulae or shoulder-blades). 



17. Rump (L. uropygium). 



18. Upper tail coverts (L. tectrix, a covert ; pi. tectrices). 



19. Under tail coverts. 



20. Tail feathers (rectrices, so-called because they direct 



flight). 



21. Chin (L. mentum). 



22. Throat (L. gula), adj. gular. 



23. Pectoral band or gorget (see breast). 



24. Breast (L. pectus), adj. pectoral. 



25. Flanks, sides. 



26. Belly (L. abdomen). 



27. Lesser or minor wing coverts (L. tectrices minores). 



28. Median or middle wing coverts (L. tectrices media:). 



29. Major or greater coverts of secondaries (L. tectrices 



majores). 



30. Major coverts of primaries (L. tectrices majores). 



31. Secondaries ; known also as cubitals (supported by 



the cubitus or ulna), ulnar quills (remiges secun- 

 darii ; L. remex, oarsman). 



32. Primaries ; known also as manuals (supported 



by the manus or hand), hand quills (remiges 

 primarii). 



33. Bastard wing (L. ala spuria or alula). 



34. Tibial feathers, covering the tibiotarsus, or shortly 



tibia, which, with its accompanying degenerate 

 fibula, corresponds to the human leg between the 

 ankle and knee. At its lower end the tibia fuses in 

 adult birds with the three upper or proximal tarsals 

 (ankle bones). Hence the double name tibiotarsus, 

 called "thigh" in error. 



