534 PALLAS'S SANDGROUSE 



on the subject are those by Professor Newton in the Ibis 

 for 18G4, pp. 185-222, in which the invasion of 1863 is 

 described ; while von Tschusi has chronicled the irruptions of 1888 

 and 1908. 1 H. A. Macpherson has also published a pamphlet on the 

 Visitation of Pallas' s Sandgrouse to Scotland in 1888 ; A. B. Meyer and 

 F. Helm also described the progress of the 1888 invasion through 

 Europe, 2 and Dr. Leverkiihn compiled a useful bibliography of the 

 species which appeared in the Ornithologische Monatsschrift for 1888- 

 1892. The German records for 1888 were summarised by Dr. 

 Reichenow in the Journal filr Ornithologie for 1889, pp. 1-33, and use- 

 ful contributions have been made by Holtz, von Homeyer, and 

 others. 3 



Within the limits of this article it is impossible to describe these 

 invasions in detail. In the " Classified Notes " will be found a summary 

 of the British records, and a comparison with the continental notices 

 of its appearance is interesting. The first straggler reached Sarepta in 

 1848, and in 1853 it was mentioned by Moschler as of very rare 

 occurrence on the Lower Volga. In 1859, when it was first noted in 

 England, one was obtained at Hobro, Jylland, and one of a pair was 

 shot at Zandvoort in Holland, while a pair was reported to have been 

 killed in the Wilna government of Russia, and another was found 

 in the market at Perpignan (Pyrenees orientales). One was also 

 obtained at Sarepta in 1860. 



In 1861 and 1862 some were observed, and one obtained, in 

 Holland, and a flock was recorded from Szegedin. 



During the first great invasion of 1863-64, the records extended 

 northward to Thorshavn in the Faeroes, Mandal in Norway, 

 Nykoping in Sweden, and Archangel in Russia, while southward it 

 occurred as far as Perpignan and Biscarolle (Pyrenees), and Rimini, 



1 Von Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen, Mittheil. Nat. Ver. Steiermark, Separat-Abdruck (1889), and 

 Der Zug des Steppenhuhnes nach dem West-en, 1908, (1909). 



1 Abhandl. it. Ber. des Kgl. Zool. u. anthrop.-etJmol. Museums in Dresden, 1888-89. ; 



3 See also the literature quoted in Naumann's Naturgeschichte der Vogcl Mitteleuropas, 

 vii. 3a 



