PALLAS'S 8ANDGROU8E 



Itelluno, and Novara (N. Italy). In rstmiaiin^ the numbers of 

 invaders, Professor Newton gave those actually obtained ax about 

 346, and thought that another 155 might be unrecorded and thus lost 

 sight of. Adding the total of 4G5 to the 150 or 300 observed at 

 Riigen in October, probably on the return journey, and allowing 

 another 50 for birds scattered over Europe, this would bring the 

 number up to at least 665 or 715, probably a very moderate estimate. 

 I'.r.-. dm- jx known to have taken place in Denmark and Holland. 

 In 1871 one was obtained in Italy, and in 1872, when they again 

 appeared in England, Gatke records them from Heligoland. Radde 

 records a flock near Lenkoran in the winter of 1875. 



In 1876, when it established itself for the first time as a breeding 

 species in the steppes of the Lower Volga and Don, not only did it 

 occur in the British Isles, but also on Heligoland and in Italy. Two 

 were obtained near Lenkoran in 1878. In 1879 it was recorded from 

 Syria ; a flock appeared in Bohemia in 1880, and two were obtained 

 in Brunswick in 188*2, while two more were recorded from Prussian 

 Silesia in 1883. No definite records were received between 1883 and 

 1887, when flocks were reported in late summer from Pomerania, 

 Galizia, and Upper Austria. These were evidently the forerunners of 

 the second great invasion of 1888-89. This was on a much larger 

 scale than that of 1863, the numbers being described by Professor 

 Newton as "quite incalculable." The limits on the northern and 

 western sides differed little from those of the previous great 

 incursion, the Gulf of Finland being crossed to Helsingfors, and the 

 most northerly point reached being Koraas in Norway, while in 

 Ireland they ranged as far west as Belmullet But on the southern 

 side a great extension of range took place, records being received in 

 I taly from Santa Severe near Rome, and also for the first time from 

 Spain, where specimens were obtained at the Albufera of Valencia. 

 Probably this invasion was more carefully recorded and more widely 

 observed, in consequence of the fact that it was to some extent 

 looked for, and the experience of the former incursion had prepared 



