253 



Cynipidce. 



d. Istria galls. 



Note. Specimens a, b, and e are very similar in size and character ; 

 but specimen d consists of smaller galls, which are somewhat pear-shaped, 

 being contracted into a abort stalk at the base. They are most likely 

 produced by a distinct species of cynips. For fig. of the French galls, see 

 Hist. de Drogues, 7- ed., vol. ii., p. 295, figs. 438, 439 ; and P. J. [2] , 

 vol. i., p. 473. English galls grow upon Quercus pedunculata and Q. sessi- 

 tioni, Wilhl; and the French galls upon Q. pedunculata in the north, 

 and Quercus Ilex, L., in the south of France. For fig., see Entomologixt, 

 vol. vii., p. 241. For description of insect, see Entomologist, vol. iv., 

 p. 17, and vol. ix., p. 53. English galls have been found to contain, 

 if gathered in August, 17 per cent, of tannin, or about three times as 

 much as oak bark. See P. J. [2] , vol. vii., p. 228 ; vol. iv. p. 520. 



771 CTNIPS INSANA, Westw. 



a. Large purplish galls. (Bussorah Galls, Mecca Galls, 

 Apples of Sodom, Mala insana.) 



Note.- -These galls are more than an inch in diameter, soft and spongy 

 in the interior, and have a varnished appearance externally. The leaf 

 of the tree and a portion of the twig is attached to one of the galls, and 

 appears to belong to Quercus cerris, L. These galls have been stated 

 by some writers to be the apples of Sodom, mentioned by Josephus and 

 others. A gall somewhat similar in appearance is produced in Europe 

 on Quercus pyrenaica, Willd, by Cynips umbraculus, Oliv. See Westwood's 

 Insects, vol. ii., p. 130. For fig. of the Bussorah gall, see Per. Mat. Med., 

 vol. ii., pt. 1, p. 347 ; P. J. [1] , vol. viii., p. 423. 



772. CYNIPS POLTCERA, Gir. 



a. Knoppern galls. 



Note. These galls have a very singular appearance and structure. 

 They are broadly obconical in shape, and the broad base of the cone 

 (i.e. the end farthest from the stem on which it grows) forms a slightly 

 convex disk surrounded with, a spreading toothed ridge, and having a 

 small raised point in the centre. When broken open they are found to 

 contain a hard spherical inner gall, which is coarsely striated. For fig. of 

 the gall, see Entomologist, vol. .viii., p. 97. These galls grow in the axils 

 of the leaves of shrubby specimens of Q. pubescens, Willd. ; rarely 

 on Q. sessilinora, Sm., and Q. pedunculata, Willd. 



773. CYNIPS GLDTINOSA, Gir. 



a. Hungary galls. (Piedmont Galls.) 



Note. These galls have a slight resemblance to the last, but are much 

 more irregular in shape, and the inner gall is thin and fragile, and does 

 not fill the cavity of the outer one. For fig., see Entomologist, vol. viii., 

 p. 73. This gall occurs, slightly differing in form, on Q. sessiliflora, 

 Sm. ; Q. pednncnlata, Willd ; and Q. pubescens, Willd. It grows upon 

 the acorn cup, see Hitt. det Drogues, 7 eme ed., vol. ii., p. 292, fig. 482. 



774. ANDRICUS TERMINALIS, Fab. ; CYNIPS TERMINALIS, Fab. 



a. Gall on the buds of the oak tree. (Oak Apple.) 

 Note. For fig., etc., 'see Entomologist, vol. ix., p. 28. 



