24 



tion. In 1801) there were 1,226 classified as "industrial" and 

 59,600 as "industrial" and "material," viz., those using fruit, 

 wine, pomace, brewers' grains, etc. These two sums may he 

 taken as fairly representing the numbers in the city and in the 

 country. 



In 1895 1 there were 1,167 distilleries in the twenty-eight 

 cities of over 100,000 population. Berlin is the center of the 

 trade in spirits and has 213 stills. Breslau is also very im- 

 portant as a distillery city. Cologne, Hamburg, Stettin, 

 Bremen and Danzig are the seats of many distilleries with a 

 flourishing export trade. In the South, Munich and Xucr- 

 emberg are most important. 

 d. Character. 



Distilling in Germany has not developed to such an extent 

 as brewing into a great, independent industry, but has re- 

 mained more nearly than the latter closely connected with and 

 largely carried on as an auxilliary activity of agriculture. 



Two kinds of beer are brewed, the top-fermented or "Weiss'' 

 beer, in which the yeast works from above downward, and the 

 bottom-fermented or "lager" beer in which the contran' is 

 true. The brewing of top-fermented beer is a comparatively 

 simple process, and formerly it was common, particularly in 

 Northern Germany, for farmers to own small breweries in 

 which they used considerable quantities of self-raised barley 

 and hops, selling the product to inn-keepers or owning inns 

 in which the beer was retailed, while the brewers' grains were 

 fed on the place. But the introduction of beer of the Bavar- 

 ian or lager type since 1835, and the change in the taste of the 

 people, which now demands the improved beverage, has almost 

 entirely driven brewing from the country. The manufactura 

 of lager beer is a complex process, demanding an extensive 

 outlay of capital for the plant, and technical skill of a high 

 order for the production of beer that is able to compete with 

 that brewed by the great city plants. So brewing has almost 

 ceased to be a side activity of agriculture, and remains im- 



1. Vol. 116 Stat. des Deut. Reiches, "Gewcrbe Statistik der Grossen Staedte.' 



