The Making of Species 



where neither party can benefit from the associa- 

 tion. This gives rise to what we may perhaps 

 call false Mtillerian mimicry. Thus the goshawk 

 and peregrine falcon resemble each other in 

 being brown above and streaked below in im- 

 mature plumage, and having barred underparts 

 and a grey upper plumage when adult. 



Having stated the more important objections 

 to the theory of protective mimicry, it now 

 remains for us to deal specifically with each head 

 of evidence offered in its favour. 



1. With regard to the assertion that the model 

 and its copy are often not nearly related, we have 

 shown that among mammals and birds instances 

 of resemblance between widely-separated groups 

 occur under such circumstances that neither party 

 can derive any benefit therefrom. 



2. As regards the assertion that species which 

 are mimicked are either well-defended or un- 

 palatable, this certainly does not hold good with 

 regard to some at any rate of the coincidental 

 resemblances among birds which we have 

 pointed out ; even if these pairs of similar 

 species lived in the same country it would re- 

 quire considerable ingenuity to say why one 

 should mimic the other. 



3. As regards the argument that the inedible 

 species of Ithomiince, etc., display only fifteen 

 colours, while the less numerous edible Papilios 



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