SUMMARY 369 



attack activates the kinetic system for fight or flight. 

 Dust in the nose causes the reaction of sneezing; in 

 the larynx, of coughing; in the eye, of winking. 

 Obstructions of the intestine, of the bile and urinary 

 passages cause expulsion contractions (colic). In- 

 juries of the outer parts of the body cause pain and 

 muscular action. 



Implanted in the body are unequally distributed 

 contact ceptors numerous in areas presented to 

 environment ; sparse or absent in protected regions. 

 We find a correspondingly uneven distribution of 

 defense mechanisms against phylogenetic infections 

 and against bleeding; most numerous in the regions 

 phylogenetically exposed to infection and hemorrhage, 

 and sparse or absent from shielded areas. Thus the 

 distribution of the defense mechanisms recapitulates 

 the selective struggle of the organism against its hostile 

 internal and external environment. 



The respiratory system, the adrenals and the liver 

 are the principal mechanisms evolved for overcoming 

 the acid by-products of energy transformation. The 

 respiration eliminates carbon dioxid. The liver breaks 

 down the acid byrproducts thus preparing them for 

 elimination, and the adrenals facilitate the needed oxi- 

 dation by which this is accomplished. When acid 

 formation is rapid therefore, as in emotion, in fighting, 

 in running, in fever and in Graves' disease, or when 

 acid elimination is defective, as in hemorrhage, as- 

 phyxia, failure in circulation, the late stages of dia- 

 betes, of cardiovascular disease or of Bright's disease, 

 and in cases of liver insufficiency ; or when acidity is in- 

 duced by ether, chloroform or nitrous oxid, the respira- 



2'B 



