SUMMARY 377 



vious recall of the bloody abyss of phylogeny, since all 

 animals turn for the final death struggle. In all his 

 waking moments, and even in his dreams, man exerts 

 himself against his fellows. He fears ; he hopes ; he 

 triumphs ; he is vanquished ; he is jealous and sus- 

 picious. Yet with all his fears and struggles, he is 

 forever bound to his fellows by the chains of necessity, 

 for he cannot succeed alone. Man is, of necessity, a 

 gregarious animal. He hates and fears, while at the 

 same time, he is grateful and dependent. The rivalry 

 and jealousy of his life turn to grief at the death of his 

 rival. And in these emotions and strivings are laid 

 the foundations of many diseases. These antithetic 

 relations between individuals are exhibited on a vast 

 scale by nations in mutual dependence, mutual help, 

 mutual jealousy, mutual hate, mutual efforts to kill. 

 The effect of fear, grief, worry and jealousy on the 

 physical body is seen in the changes in the cells of the 

 brain, the adrenals and the liver, and in the numerous 

 resultant diseases and disabilities. Against man's in- 

 humanity to man, religions and philosophies have been 

 evolved, each of which aids in proportion to its power 

 to substitute altruism for selfishness, to substitute faith 

 for fear. Thus in understanding the physical basis of 

 the action of faith and hope, as opposed to fear, despair, 

 anger and grief, we have at our command a concrete 

 force which can be efficiently used to protect the 

 individual. As the knowledge of disgrace and punish- 

 ment prevents dishonesty ; as the knowledge of con- 

 tagion prevents exposure to contagion, so the mere 

 knowledge the conviction that excessive anger, 

 work, jealousy, envy, worry or grief cause physical 



