MAGNOLIACE^E. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 15 



in Actsea. Pistils 1-8, forming dry dehiscent pods in fruit. Perennials, with 

 2 - 3-ternately-divided leaves, the leaflets cut-serrate, and white flowers in elon- 

 gated wand-like racemes. (Name from cimex, a bug, and fug o, to drive away; 

 the Siberian species being used as a bugbane.) 



i 1. MACR6TYS, Raf. Pistil 1, sometimes 2-3: seeds smooth, flattened and 

 packed horizontally in the pod in two rows, as in Actsea : stigma broad and flat, 



1. C. racemosa, Ell. (BLACK SNAKEROOT.) Racemes veiy long; 

 pods ovoid, sessile. Rich woods, Maine and Vermont to Michigan, and south- 

 ward. July. Plant 3 - 8 high, from a thick knotted root-stock : the racemes 

 in fruit becoming l-2 long. 



2. CIMICIFUGA, L. Pistils 3-8: seeds flattened laterally, covered with 

 chaffy scales, and occupying one row in the membranaceoiis pods : style aid-shaped: 

 stigma minute. 



2. C. Americana, Michx. (AMERICAN BUGBANE.) Racemes slen- 

 der, panicied ; ovaries mostly 5, glabrous ; pods stalked, flattened, veiny, 6-8- 

 seeded. Mountains of S. Pennsylvania and southward throughout the Alle- 

 ghanies. Aug. Plant 2 -4 high, more slender than No. 1. 



ADONIS AUTUMNALIS, L., the PHEASANT'S EYE of Europe, has been found 

 growing spontaneously in Western New York, and in Kentucky, but barely es- 

 caped from gardens. 



NIGELLA DAMASCENA, L., the FENNEL-FLOWER, which offers a remark- 

 able exception, in having the pistils partly united into a compound ovary, so as 

 to form a several-celled pod, grows nearly spontaneously around gardens. 



P/EONIA, the P^EONY, of which P. OFFICINALIS is familiar in gardens, forms 

 a sixth tribe of this order, distinguished by a leafy persistent calyx, and a fleshy 

 disk surrounding the base of the follicular pistils. 



ORDER 2. MAGNOLIACEJE. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 



Trees or shrubs, with the leaf-buds sheathed by membranous stipules, poly- 

 petalous, hypogynous, polyandrous, polygynous ; the calyx and corolla colored 

 alike, in three or more rows of three, and imbricated in the bud. Sepals 

 and petals deciduous. Stamens in several rows at the base of the recep- 

 tacle : anthers adnate. Pistils many, mostly packed together and covering 

 the prolonged receptacle, cohering with each other, and in fruit forming a 

 sort of fleshy or dry cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, anatropous : albu- 

 men fleshy : embryo minute. Leaves alternate, not toothed, marked with 

 minute transparent dots, feather-veined. Flowers single, large. Bark 

 aromatic and bitter. There are only two Northern genera, Magnolia and 

 Liriodendron. 



1. MAGNOLIA, L. MAGNOLIA. 



Sepals 3. Petals 6-9. Stamens with very short filaments, and long anthers 

 opening inwards. Pistils aggregated on the long receptacle and coherent in a 

 mass, together forming a fleshy and rather woody cone-like red fruit; each car 



