SUBIACE^E. (MADDER FAMILY.) 171 



lanceolate 01 ovate lanceolate, tapering to the apex (2' long); corolla glabrous: 

 otherwise like the last. Woodlands; common northward. 

 -H- *- - Peduncles many-flowered: flowers in open cymes, dull purple: fruit smooth. 

 9. O. latifoliuni, Michx. Stems erect (l-2high), smooth; leaves 

 in fours, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, the midrib and margins rough ; 

 flowers all on long and slender spreading pedicels ; corolla-lobes bristle-pointed. 

 Dry woodlands, Alleghany Mountains from Maryland southward. July. 

 4- - *-*- Peduncles many-flowered, in close terminal panicles. 



10. G. boreale, L. (NORTHERN BEDSTRAW.) Stem upright (l-2 

 high), smooth; leaves in fours, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved; panicle elongated; 

 flowers white ; fruit minutely bristly, sometimes smooth. Rocky banks of 

 streams ; common, especially northward. June -Aug. (Eu.) 



11. G. VERUM, L. (YELLOW BEDSTRAW.) Stem upright, slender ; leave* 

 in eights, linear, grooved above, roughish, deflexed ; flowers yellow, crowded; fruit 

 smooth. Dry fields, E. Massachusetts. July. (Adv. from Eu.) 



KUBIA TINCTORIA, L., the cultivated MADDER, from which the order is 

 named, has a berry-like fruit ; the parts of the flower 5. 



SUBORDER II. CINCHONE^E. THE CINCHONA FAMILY.* 



2. SPERMAC6CE, L. BUTTON-WEED. 



Calyx-tube short; the limb parted into 4 teeth. Corolla funnel-form or 

 salver-form ; the lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Stigma or style 2-cleft. 

 Fruit small and dry, 2-celled, 2-seeded, splitting when ripe into 2 carpels, ono 

 of them carrying with it the partition, tod therefore closed, the other open on 

 the inner face. Small herbs, the bases of the leaves or petioles connected by a 

 bristle-bearing stipular membrane. Flowers small, crowded into sessile axillary 

 whorled clusters or heads. Corolla whitish. (Name compounded of oWp/ia, 

 seed, and CI/COOKT), a point, probably from the pointed calyx-teeth on the fruit.) 



1. S. glabra, Michx. Glabrous; stems spreading (9' -20' long) ; leaves 

 oblong-lanceolate ; whorled heads many -flowered ; corolla little exceeding the 

 calyx, bearded in the throat, bearing the anthers at its base ; filaments and stylo 

 hardly any. 1J. River-banks, S. Ohio, Illinois, and southward. Aug 



3. DIG D I A, L. BUTTON-WEED. 



Calyx-teeth 2-5, often unequal. Fruit 2- (rarely 3-) celled; the crustaceous 

 carpels into which it splits all closed and indehiscent. Otherwise nearly as in 

 Spermacoce. (Name from Siodos, a thoroughfare; the species often growing bv 

 the way-side.) 



* In several genera, such as Mitcheila, Oldenlandia, &c., the flowers, although perfect, aw of 

 twe sorts in different individuals ; one sort having exserted stamens, borne in the throve of 

 the corolla, and short included styles ; the other having included stamens inserted low down in 

 the corolla, and long, usually exserted styles. Such we call dicecioitsly dimorplious. 



