COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 219 



and on margined petioles ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, pointed, 

 scarcely exceeding the disk; rays 12-15. River-bottoms, Ohio to Illinois and 

 southward. A coarse species, with showy heads, and ample thickish leaves 

 (the lower often 1 long) ; the upper ones frequently alternate. This is most 

 probably the original of 



H. TUBER6sus, L., the JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE, (i. e. Girasole of the Ital- 

 ians, meaning the same as sunflower, and corrupted in England into Jerusalem), 

 which has all the upper leaves alternate. It has escaped from old gardens into 

 fence-rows in some places. 



H. ANNUUS, L., the COMMON SUNFLOWER, which sometimes sows itself 

 around dwellings, belongs to the annual section of the genus, with large flat 

 heads and a brownish disk. It probably belongs to the warmer parts of North 

 America. 



40. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt. ACTINOMERIS. 



Heads many-flowered ; the rays few or several, neutral, or rarely none. In- 

 volucre foliaceous, nearly equal, in 1 to 3 rows. Receptacle convex or conical, 

 chaffy ; the chaff embracing the outer margin of the flat (laterally compressed) 

 and winged achenia. Pappus of 2 smooth persistent awns. Tall and branch- 

 ing perennial herbs, with serrate feather-veined leaves, tapering to the base and 

 mostly decurrent on the stem. Heads corymbed : flowers chiefly yellow. (Name 

 from aKTiv, a ray, and /iepi's, a part ; alluding to the fewness or irregularity of 

 the rays.) 



1. A. SQliarrosa, Nutt. Stem somewhat hairy and winged above (4 -8 

 high) ; leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, point- 

 ed at both ends ; heads in an open corymbed panicle ; scales of the involucre in 

 2 rows, the outer linear-spatulate, reflexed ; rays 4-10, irregular ; achenia broad- 

 ly winged ; receptacle globular. Rich soil, W. New York (Sartwell) to Michi- 

 gan, Illinois, and southward. Sept. 



2. A. ticlisuttlioidcs, Nutt. Stem hairy (l-3 high), widely winged 

 by the ovate-lanceolate sessile alternate leaves, which are rough above and soft- 

 nairy beneath; heads few; scales of the involucre not spreading; rays 8 15, 

 regular, narrow; achenia oval, slightly winged, tipped with 2 fragile bristly 

 awns ; receptacle conical. Prairies and copses, Ohio to Illinois, and south- 

 ward. July. 



41. COREOPSIS, L. TICKSEED. 



Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays mostly 8, neutral, rarely wanting. 

 Involucre double ; each of about 8 scales, the outer rather foliaceous and some- 

 what spreading; the inner broader and appresscd, nearly mcmbranaceous. 

 Receptacle flat, with mcmbranaceous chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenia 

 flat (compressed parallel with the scales of the involucre), often winged, not 

 beaked or narrowed at the top, 2-toothed, 2-awned, or sometimes naked at the 

 summit, the awns never barbed downwardly. Herbs, generally with opposite 

 leaves, and yellow or party-colored, rarely purple, rays. (Name from 

 a ling, and o\|/-(s, resemblance; from the form of the fruit.) 



