420 CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 



Subclass II. GYMNOSPER1VLE. 



Pistil represented by an open scale or loaf, or entirely wanting; 

 the ovules and seeds therefore naked (without a pericarp), and fer- 

 tilized by. the direct application of the pollen. Cotyledons often 

 more than two. 



ORDER 111. CONIFERS. (PINE FAMILY.) 



Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly with awl-shaped or needle- 

 shaped entire leaves, and monoecious or ///r/r/Vwx jlowcrx in catkins, destitute 

 of calyx or corolla. Ovules orthotropous. Embryo in the axis of the al- 

 bumen, nearly its length. (Wood destitute of ducts, composed chiefly of 

 a homogeneous large woody fibre which is marked with circular disks on 

 two sides.) An important and rather large Order ; comprising the three 

 following Suborders : 



SUBORDER I. ABIETINE^E. THE PROPER PINE FAMILY. 



Fertile flowers in catkins, consisting of open imbricated carpels in the 

 form of scales in the axil of a bract ; in fruit forming a strobile or cone, 

 Ovules 2, adherent to the base of each carpellary scale, their orifice turned 

 downward. Buds scaly. 



1. PINTJS. Leaves 2-5 in a cluster from the axil of a scale-like primary leaf, persistent. 



2. ABIES. Leaves all scattered on the branches and alike, persistent 



3. LARIX. Leaves many in a cluster, the primary ones similar, deciduous. 



SUBORDER II. CUPRESSINE^E. THE CYPRESS FAMILY. 



Fertile flowers consisting of few carpellary scales, without bracts, bear- 

 ing single or several erect ovules on their base (the orifice upward), form- 

 ing a closed strobile or a sort of drupe in fruit. Buds naked. 



* Flowers monoecious. Strobile dry, opening at maturity. 



4. THUJA. Fruit of few imbricated oblong scales. Ovules 2. Leaves scale-like, closely im- 



bricated on the flattened branches. 



6. CUPRESSUS. Fruit of several shield-form thickened scales united in a globular woody 

 cone. Seeds 2 or more on the stalk of each scale. Leaves scale-like or awl-shaped. 



6. TAXOD1 UM. Fruit of several thickened and rather shield-shaped scales united in a globu- 



lar woody cone. Seeds 2 on the base of each scale Leaves linear, 2-ranked, deciduous. 

 * * Flowers chiefly dioecious. Fruit berry-like, not opening. 



7. JUNIPERUS. Fruit composed of 3-6 coalescent 1 -3-ovuled scales, becoming fleshy. 



SUBORDER TIT. TAXTNEyK. Tin: YKW FAMILY. 



Fertile, llowcr solilary, ronsisling of a linked ovule. ripening into a nut- 

 like or drupe-like seed. Ovary entirely wanting. I'uds s<-al}' 



8. IAXUS. Ovule erect, encircled at the base by an anmikir disk, which ft mis a bcrrv-llk 



cup around the nut-like seed 



