EXAMINATION OF NORMAL AND ABNORMAL URINE. 459 



acid, mucus, coloring matters, etc., occur in such small quantities in 

 normal urine that their detection, separation, and quantitative estima- 

 tion are very difficult, and are almost exclusively attempted during 

 scientific investigations. 



56. EXAMINATION OF NORMAL AND ABNORMAL URINE. 



Points to be considered in the analysis of urine. They are : 



1. Color, odor, general appearance whether clear, smoky, cloudy, 

 turbid, etc. 



2. Reaction whether acid, neutral, or alkaline to test-paper. 



3. Specific gravity. 



4. Total amount of organic and inorganic solids. 



5. Total amount of inorganic matter (ash). 



6. Determination of urea. 



7. Determination of uric acid. 



8. Determination of inorganic acids and bases. (Hydrochloric, 

 sulphuric, and phosphoric acids; sodium, potassium, calcium, mag-, 

 nesiurn, and iron.) 



9. Determination of albumin. 



10. Determination of sugar. 



11. Examination for bile. 



12. Examination of any organic or inorganic sediment, either by 

 chemical means or by the microscope. 



Samples of urine should always be drawn from the well-mixed and 

 exactly measured quantity of the total urine discharged in twenty- 

 four hours. 



Color. Normal urine is generally pale-yellow or reddish-yellow, 

 but it may be as colorless as water, or as dark brownish-black as 



QUESTIONS. 541. What is urine, where and by what process is it formed in 

 the animal body, and what is its function? 542. Mention the general physi- 

 cal and chemical properties of urine. 543. Give the average composition of 

 human urine, and state by what conditions the composition is influenced. 544. 

 State the composition and properties of urea. 545. By what process is urea 

 formed in the animal body, and how can it be obtained artificially? 546. 

 Describe a process by which urea may be estimated quantitatively in urine. 



547. In what forms is uric acid found in urine, and what are its properties ? 



548. Describe the murexid test. 549. How can uric acid be determined 

 quantitatively in urine ? 550. What is hippuric acid, and by what tests may 

 it be recognized ? 



