482 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 



holding in their substance or walls epithelial cells, raucous corpuscles, 

 and fat globules. Hyaline casts are distinguished by their trans- 

 parent appearance, while granular casts show a more or less granular 

 surface. 



N. Epithelial casts and cells. According to the origin (vagina, 

 urethra, bladder, etc.) of these bodies, they differ somewhat, and it 

 is difficult to recognize with certainty the source whence they are 

 derived. 



O. 1, Waxy casts; 2, Casts with blood corpuscles ; 3, Casts with fat 

 globules. Waxy casts resemble hyaline casts, but are less transparent. 

 Casts containing blood corpuscles or fat globules are generally easily 

 recognized. 



In addition to the above-mentioned urinary deposits there may 

 also be found various kinds of fungi, vibriones, spermatozoids, hair, 

 or even such foreign matters as fibres of cotton, wool, or silk, with 

 the characteristic appearance of which the student should familiarize 

 himself thoroughly. 



QUESTIONS. 551. What points are to be considered, and what substances 

 determined, in the analysis of normal and abnormal urine? 552. What is the 

 color of urine, and what are the chief causes influencing the color ? 553. What 

 is the specific gravity of healthy urine, how is it determined, and how is the 

 total amount of solids approximately calculated from the specific gravity? 

 554. Describe the different tests by which albumin may be recognized, and 

 state the precautions necessary in making these tests. 555 How may the quan- 

 tity of albumin in urine approximately and how accurately be determined? 



556. Describe the various tests for sugar. On what principles are they based? 



557. How is sugar determined quantitatively? 558. By what tests are biliary 

 pigments and acids recognized in urine ? 559. What is the nature of urinary 

 sediments, and by what means are they recognized? 560. What are urinary 

 calculi generally composed of, and by what simple tests can their nature be 

 determined ? 



