24 DISEASES OF THE NASAL PASSAGES 



excoriations on the mucous membrane and skin at the nasal 

 openings, where it drys and forms hard crusts. There are 

 frequent paroxysms of sneezing. In cases where the nasal 

 passages are occluded the animal breathes through its mouth. 

 In some cases where infection is severe general symptoms of 

 loss of appetite, dulness and emaciation will be noted. 



Diagnosis. The presence of the nasal discharge, the chronic 

 course and the mild general symptoms in severe cases. 



Prognosis. Not so favorable as acute nasal catarrh. It 

 requires several weeks for a complete disappearance of the 

 symptoms. 



Treatment. Hygienic. The animal should be kept in a 

 warm place free from all irritating materials which might 

 affect the nasal mucous membrane. 



Medical. The nasal passages should be sprayed daily with 

 creolin (2 per cent.), boric acid (2 per cent.), or sodium bicar- 

 bonate (2 per cent.) solution; the dried crusts may be removed 

 with warm water, and zinc oxid ointment applied to the 

 membranes and skin at the nasal openings. 



Sera-vaccine. Cultures may be grown from the nasal dis- 

 charge, and a standardized autogenic vaccine made. Two 

 c.c. of this vaccine are injected subcutaneously every five to 

 seven days until the purulent discharge ceases. 



EPISTAXIS. 



Definition. Hemorrhages from the nasal passages. 



Etiology . (a) Injuries to the nasal mucous membrane 

 from foreign bodies (straws, twigs, etc.); probing; injuries 

 to the turbinated bones due to fractures or trephining the 

 sinuses. 



(6) Carbolic acid poisoning causing necrosis of the mem- 

 brane extending into the nasal passages which opens the 

 vessels. 



(c) Specific and ordinary infections during the course of 

 distemper and chronic nasal catarrh. 



(d) Parasitic invasion (Linguatula rhinaria). Hemorrhage 

 occurs during the course of the following disease conditions : 



