58 DISEASES OF THE LUNGS 



from abscesses in the lungs, sarcomas and carcinomas, or 

 from inflammatory reactions from the pleura. 



Pathology. Cirrhosis is characterized by the overgrowth 

 of connective tissue in the lungs so that they become hard, 

 traversed by fibrous bands, and more or less shrunken. The 

 condition leads to destruction of the alveolar spaces, some- 

 times with bronchiectasis, and always to marked impair- 

 ment of function. When due to lobular pneumonia, which 

 is the common form of pneumonia in small animals, the 

 fibrous tissue production follows the course of the bronchi 

 and bronchioli. The lung is greatly increased in weight, has 

 lost its spongy condition, and is quite hard. On cut surface 

 it shows grayish-white color, and sometimes caseous nodules 

 of necrosis may be seen. In advanced cases the pleura is 

 thickened and the lungs distorted. The two layers of .the pleura 

 are often adherent and the mediastinum may be indurated. 



Symptoms. Moderate dyspnea and a chronic cough, with 

 a discharge which may be slight or profuse, and the exhaled 

 air has a fetid odor due to the retention of some of the dis- 

 charge in the bronchiectatic cavities. The temperature is 

 usually normal and no general symptoms are noticed. 



Auscultation reveals increased resonance and bronchial 

 breathing. Percussion yields dulness except where there are 

 saccular dilatations of the bronchi. 



Diagnosis. The history of the case and slow development 

 following bronchopneumonia and the presence of severe 

 dyspnea will materially aid in making the diagnosis. 



Prognosis. Incurable. 



Treatment. Expectorants and general stimulants may be 

 used to modify the symptoms. 



FOREIGN BODY PNEUMONIA. 



Gangrene of the Lungs. 



Definition. An inflammation of the lungs due to the inhala- 

 tion of coarse material which usually results in necrosis of a 

 part or of the entire organ. 



Etiology . (a) Inhalation of foreign material (particles 

 of food from the mouth, especially during anesthesia when 

 vomition occurs, also when the pharynx and larynx are par- 



