324 ANEMIA 



difficult until decided changes take place either in the blood 

 or lymphatic system. The mucous membranes are very 

 pale or white in color, the animal becomes weak and edema- 

 tous swellings may appear. The enlargement of the lymph 

 glands comes on gradually and is found involving practically 

 all of the palpable glands. The enlargements vary in size, 

 but stand out in some cases very prominently. The glands 

 are firm, non-painful and well circumscribed or defined. 

 The glands in the submaxillary space, at the pharynx, chest 

 and inguinal regions show most enlargement. The move- 

 ment of the animal may be interfered with on account of the 

 increase in size of the lymph glands. Respiratory disturb- 

 ances may be present when the glands become large enough 

 to compress bloodvessels or nerves. Extensive edemas are 

 often present from the same cause. Ascites is a common 

 symptom in dogs from enlargement of the mesenteric glands. 

 The spleen is enlarged but difficult to palpate on account of 

 its position; the enlargement of the abdomen may be the 

 result of the enlargement of the spleen or liver, or both. 

 Percussion of the abdomen may assist in determining the 

 character of the enlargement. 



Owing to the involvement of the bone-marrow the animal 

 is lame and shows stiffness and soreness in movement. 

 Pressure on the long bones frequently shows marked sensi- 

 tiveness and pain. 



Characteristic alterations are found in the blood. It 

 appears pale red, or even brown, indicating a reduction in 

 hemoglobin. When allowed to stand and coagulate (which it 

 does slowly) it separates into two layers, the lower consist- 

 ing of red corpuscles, while the upper is composed of white 

 corpuscles and fibrin. The number of white corpuscles is 

 always increased; in some cases equal in number to the 

 red ones. A decrease in the number of red corpuscles can 

 be demonstrated in most cases. A differentiation may be 

 made between the two forms of leukemia by the blood 

 examination. In lymphatic leukemia the lymphocytes are 

 found increased, while in myelogenous leukemia the leuko- 

 cytes are found in much larger numbers. Clinically the 

 disease develops gradually, emaciation more prominent, and 



