lO 



known as the fall and the spring canker worm. The fe- 

 males of the former ascend the trees in late fall and early- 

 winter, while those of the latter do not climb the trees till 

 late winter or early spring. The adults of both are wing- 

 less and they may be checked by applying sticky bands 

 rsuch as tar, so as to prevent their ascending the trees and 

 depositing eggs where the yoimg caterpillars, hatching in 

 early spring, can get at the foliage. Ordinarily this pro- 

 cedure is unnecessary in the case of the man who resorts to 

 spraying, and owing to the fact that this latter method is 

 not onlj' of value in checking canker worms but is also very 

 effective in destroying the other leaf feeders mentioned 

 above, we much prefer to indorse the use of poisons. 



There are three important scale insects liable to be 

 found in our orchards at the present time ; namely, the 

 oyster scale, the scurfy scale and the San Jose scale. The 

 •oyster scale, easily recognized on account of its brown 

 color and oyster-shaped shell, is nearly 1-8 of an inch long 

 and winters in the egg state. The scurfy scale has a whitish, 

 irregular covering as large as that of the oyster scale, and 

 when abundant forms a very characteristic, whitish scurfy- 

 like mass on the bark of infested trees. This, like 

 the preceding form, winters in the egg; those of both 

 species hatching in this latitude the latter part of May or 

 very early in June. They may be controlled by thorough 

 sprajnng with either a kerosene emulsion (the standard 

 formula diluted with 6 parts of water,) or a whale oil soap 

 . solution (1 lb. to 6 or 7 gallons of water.) An effort should 

 be made to make the application just after the majority 

 of ihe young have appeared and before they have covered 

 themselves 1o any extent with the downy, cottony-like se- 

 cretion which appears within a few days after they escape 

 from under the protecting scale of the mother. 



The San Jose scale is entirely different. It is much 

 smaller, being only about 1-10 to 1-12 of an inch in diam- 

 eter. The projective scale is circular or nearly so and pre- 

 sents a marked contrast to that of the two native species 

 described above. It winters under a half grown scale about 

 the size of a pin head. This latter may be dark gray or al- 

 most black, each individual scale having a distinct nipple. 

 Any rough, abnormal ap])earance on rapidly growing twigs 

 should arouse suspicion. A pinkish discoloration of leaf, 

 green fruit or green twigs, is evidence that this scale may 

 be present. A further test is to place the finger nail or a 



