borer than by careful inspection and digging out the borers 

 or killing them with a hooked wire. This work should be 

 done in early fall and again in the spring. The presence of 

 these pests is indicated by fresh reddish borings so familiar 

 to most fruit growers. Something can also be accomplished 

 by putting protective bands of tarred paper, newspaper or 

 other material around the trunks and keeping them in place 

 from the latter part of May through August. These bands, 

 in order to be effective, should be moderately tight so that 

 the insects can not get between them and the base of the 

 trunk. The other apple borer, known as the flat-headed 

 borer because of the peculiar, broad, flattened anterior part 

 of the grub, works by preference at the base of the larger 

 limbs and ordinarily causes much less damage than the pre- 

 ceding form. There is no better method of checking this 

 species than digging out and destroying the pests as de- 

 scribed above. 



Our fruit trees are subject to attack by several early 

 spring leaf feeders, and whenever they are at all abundant 

 in an orchard, an early spring spraying with some arsenical 

 poison is extremely important. Among these pests are the 

 well known bud moth or bud worm, the latter a small, 

 naked, brownish caterpillar with a darker brown head, 

 frequently seen in blossoms and clusters of young leaves. 

 This winters in a very inconspicuous brownish, nearly in- 

 visible cocoon, spun beside a bud or other rough part of the 

 bark. The young caterpillars emerge therefrom in very 

 early spring and are ready to feed upon the leaves as soon 

 as they burst from the bud, thus causing a maximum amount 

 of damage. 



The two case-bearers, known as the pistol case-beare: 

 and the cigar case-bearer on account of the characteristic 

 shape of their protective shelters, also winter upon the 

 twigs and, like the bud worm mentioned above, are ready 

 for business very early in the spring. These three pests, 

 together with the extremely common and more easily con- 

 trolled tent caterpillars, are readily destroyed by an early 

 application of an arsenical poison, and wherever these in- 

 sects are at all abundant, the orchardist should plan to spray 

 with a poison just as soon as the leaves begin to appear in 

 order to catch these pests before any appreciable damage 

 is inflicted. 



Canker worms are early spring feeders and likewise 

 amenable to poisoned applications. There are two species- 



