states that such results cannot be obtained with the ordi- 

 nary Vermorel type of nozzle so generally used in the East, 

 and cites statistics to show that in the West, when the Ver- 

 morel type was employed, the average per cent, of worm- 

 free fruit was about 85 per cent., whereas with the im- 

 proved methods and the Bordeaux type of nozzle the per- 

 centage has been raised to 95. These percentages, it should 

 be stated, are not based upon results obtained by profes- 

 sional experimenters, but were secured by practical fruit 

 growers over an extended area. Prof. Melander refers to 

 one party who sprayed under the old system, using Vermorel 

 nozzles and 3 lbs. of arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of water 

 and lost 4,000 boxes of fruit yearly, valued at $4,000. The 

 orchard was later sprayed by the improved method recom- 

 mended above, and the loss in wormy fruit was but 6 boxes. 

 In other words, the old-fashioned method of spraying cost 

 this man $4,000 in fruit, aside from the additional expense 

 represented by $350 for the four applications, as opposed 

 to $70 for the one thoroughly efficient treatment. It has 

 been objected by some that these results can not be obtained 

 in the East. Prof. Melander, replying specifically to these 

 objections, states that climatic conditions are not sufficient 

 ly great to warrant this assumption and that efficient pro- 

 tection against the codling moth has been obtained in the 

 West, even when spraying was done just before or during 

 a rain. He emphasizes most strongly the importance of 

 forcing the spray past the closely-set stamens down into 

 what he" calls the lower calyx cavity, a place where some 

 codling moth larvae at least are likely to feed for the first 

 time. Should there be no liquid in this lower cavity, easily 

 ascertained by slicing through the young apples, he claims 

 the treatment has not been etfective. A spraying necessary 

 to secure such results as those obtained in Oregon, may 

 also be relied upon to cover the leaves and the young fruit 

 with sufficient poison to take care of any coddling moth lar- 

 vae which may feed first on either leaf or surface of the 

 fruit. The experience in the West shows that this method 

 can be relied upon to protect orchards, even though in the 

 immediate vicinity of badly infested trees, and to quickly 

 relieve very wormy orchards from the depredations of this 

 pest. It is not for the speaker to unqualifiedly endorse these- 

 modifications recommended by Prof. Melander. His con- 

 tentions, however, are supported by such a^undiant data^ 



