90 



The cost of spraying six apple trees in 1911 was 48 cents or 

 less than 12 cents for each barrel of fruit kept from being 

 thrown into the second class or cider apples because of 

 injury by the apple worm or codling moth. These six trees 

 were representative of conditions obtaining throughout a 

 large orchard and clearly indicate that the thorough spray- 

 ing was profitable. In another orchard six trees sprayed 

 at a cost of about 10 cents each, produced eight barrels more 

 of sound fruit, the cost of spraying amounting to 7^2 cents 

 per each barrel, which would otherwise have been wormy. 

 The check or unsprayed trees in this orchard produced over 

 32 barrels to the hundred of wormy fruit, while the trees 

 treated as mentioned above, yielded less than two barrels 

 per hundred of wormy fruit. These are only two illustra- 

 tions of the profits resulting from spraying, and by no means 

 represent the maximum returns, since the orchards were not 

 badly infested. Many similar instances may be cited. 



Steps may be taken when planning an orchard and 

 selecting a location which will materially increase the 

 efficiency, of spraying later. The trees should have ampxc 

 room and every one be readily accessible from all sides. 

 Crowded trees on uneven hillsides are never thoroughly 

 sprayed. Planting varieties in blocks assists since it is much 

 easier to meet varietal peculiarities when a number are 

 grown together than when they are scattered. In the case 

 of the codling moth there are reasons for believing that it is 

 more difficult to secure a high percentage of worm-free ap- 

 ples in orchards where the varieties are mixed. Some 

 attention should be given to the surroundings of the pro- 

 pose orchard, not only for the present but for the future. 

 If a little selection is possible and will make the work of the 

 future easier, by all means attend to this phase of the 

 problem. 



The first essentials in spraying are: The recognition of 

 the need, the appreciation of the possibilities, and some 

 knowledge of the insects or fungi causing the trouble. The 

 two first are necessary to supply the incentive, and the last 

 must exist or there can be no intelligent direction of ener- 

 gies. Spraying for San Jose scale is practically of no value 

 for the control of the codling moth, while the poison used 

 for the destruction of this insect has no effect upon the 



