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developing plantlice : In other words, sprays must be adapted 

 to local needs, and the farmer and fruit grower should first 

 of all know something about the more injurious insects 

 affecting his crops, otherwise the results from spraying are 

 apt to be extremely unsatisfactory. 



The spraying next on the calendar is that for the con- 

 trol of the San Jose scale. This may be done at any time 

 conditions permit between now and the starting of the buds 

 in the spring. Personally we are inclined to favor late spring 

 applications because they seem equally efficient and, theor- 

 retically, should be more so, — and if the work be delayea 

 until the buds actually start, we also have in this treatment 

 a specific against the blister mite, and if tobacco and poison 

 be added, a very efficient check for early appearing plantlice 

 and the early leaf feeders, such as the apple tent caterpillar, 

 the bud moth and the case-bearers. Some of our Hudson 

 valley growers do not give this spraying until the buds have 

 started well, sometimes waiting till even the pink shows in 

 the blossom, and thus obtain very satisfactory results agamst 

 the scab. This late spraying, especially when tobacco is 

 added, may be of much importance in orchards where red 

 bugs have become numerous. Last year about one-third of 

 a large crop of Greenings in one orchard in the Hudson val- 

 ley were practically blasted by these pests. 



The best spray material which can be used against San 

 Jose scale is one of the standard lime-sulfur Avashes, com- 

 mercial or home-made, testing about 4.5 degrees Baume' 

 after dilution. The general excellence of this material is 

 shown by the fact that it constitutes probably 90 per cent, 

 of the spray used for scale insects in the important orchard 

 sections of New York State. Individuals and manufacturers 

 are still endeavoring to improve this wash and various 

 brands and modifications have appeared or are likely to be 

 put upon the market in the future. Prof. Parrott of the 

 Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva has been making 

 a test of various sulfur compounds. For the purpose ot 

 standardizing these comparisons and thus obtaining definite 

 results, he adopted for the experimental work a solution con- 

 taining 4I/2 ounces of sulfur per gallon for the winter spray 

 and 1 ounce of sulfur per gallon for the summer spray. Sul^ 

 fur compounds used for spraying may contain lime (calcium) 



