The Fruit and Kitchen Gardens, -near Paris. 59 



heated by hot water, in copper pipes, and he gives the follow- 

 ing views of the French gardeners, of the comparative merits of 

 copper and iron pipes. They fully coincide with our OAvn : — 

 " The boilers, as well as the pipes, for this purpose, are made 

 of copper. This substance appears to be generally preferred 

 to iron, for the hot water mode of heating, about Paris, even 

 by market gardeners. On the score of economy, they say, 

 that, although it is somewhat dearer than iron in the first in- 

 stance, yet it is ultimately cheaper, inasmuch as it wastes 

 but little, and it is always saleable. As regards adaptation, 

 they can obtain heat much quicker from it than from iron. 

 This property is more especially an advantage in such a cli- 

 mate as that of Paris, where the general clearness of the air 

 admits of a large amount of sun-heat being suddenly accu- 

 mulated ; and consequently, the quicker the heating appara- 

 tus parts with its heat, the better. On the other hand, in 

 proportion nearly as the clearness of the air favors a sudden 

 rise of temperature by sun-heat, so does it facilitate the rapid 

 escape of heat by radiation, as soon as the sun's influence is 

 withdrawn ; and hence a promptly heating apparatus is again 

 the most eligible." 



Espalier Fruit Trees at Yeesailles. 



"The quarters are surrounded by espaliers six feet high. 

 Wooden posts are driven into the ground, as supports for the 

 trellising, and the whole has a neat appearance. By the 

 side of the central walk, in this part of the gardens, the espa- 

 lier is partly constructed of iron, strong bars forming arches 

 from post to post, surmounted by an iron top-rail. This con- 

 trasts strangely with the simple upright and horizontal lines 

 which the adjoining espaliers exhibit. 



"In some of the quarters inside these six feet high espa- 

 liers, there are very dwarf ones, about sixteen feet apart: the 

 spaces between them being cropped with vegetables. These 

 dwarf espaliers are scarcely four feet high ; they are formed 

 by posts driven into the ground, and to these, four small 

 wooden rails are fixed horizontally. Pear and apple trees 

 were trained against them. Some of the trees appeared to be 

 fifteen or twenty years old. 



