322 QUENOUILLE TRAINING. 



shoots, which are allowed to grow dunng the sum- 

 mer, to draw up the sap hito the fruit-buds below 

 them, are cut back to one eye every year. 



It may be suggested, how can sucli a course be 

 pursued with a tree thirty or forty feet in height "? 

 The answer is that a good cultivator will not allow 

 his trees to attain that height. While summer 

 l^runing generally holds the vigor of the tree in 

 check, yet it is sometimes necessary to resort to 

 root-pruning, which will be described in another 

 part of this chapter. After the tree has arrived at 

 full size, all the pruning which is essential, is, cut- 

 ting back the growths upon the end of each limb, 

 and trimming the spurs. 



The method of pruning the dwarf pear is the 

 same as that upon the free-stock. By proper train- 

 ing the latter can be planted as near as dwarfs, and 

 will succeed as well as when at a greater distance. 

 Quenouille training. This system is founded upon 

 the fact that the fruitfulness 

 of a tree is augmented by plac- 

 ing its limbs horizontally, or 

 in a weeping position. They 

 are tied to stakes driven in the 

 ground, and made to assume 

 the form represented in the figure. By the same 

 means, the balance can be restored to an espalier,, 

 when one side has gained an advantage over the 

 other, by depressing the thrifty limbs. In this 



