42 Permanence and Evolution. 



the skull of a Chillingham Park cow, pronounced 

 it an almost unaltered representative of Bos 

 primigenius, i.e., of the same race to which the 

 Dutch and short-horn cow belongs. Now the 

 Chillingham cow is a kyloe, differing from other 

 kyloes in hardly anything but colour, therefore 

 of a breed as different from a short-horn as 

 from any cow in Europe. Anyhow, each of 

 these forms may have existed in primitive times 

 in any number of local races whose bones would 

 not be distinguishable. Under these circum- 

 stances it is of very little use to pile up accounts 

 of various breeds of cattle as proofs of evolution. 

 In many parts of the world feral or half-wild 

 cattle are white, with red or black ears. Of the 

 origin of these races nothing is known, but they 

 appear occasionally to produce black calves, or 

 calves with black or brown spots, from which it 

 seems likely that the coloured ears are the result 

 of a cross. All of our domestic breeds have been 

 much improved by selection, that is, the better 



