434 SANDPIPERS AND RELATED SPECIES 



have the basal half of the outer web white, forming, with that of the major 

 coverts of the secondaries, a white bar across the wing. The outer primaries are 

 dark brown white on the inner webs with white shafts. The fore-neck and 

 fore-part of the flanks are mahogany-red, the neck being spotted with black ; while 

 the breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts are white. Beak, legs, and feet black. 

 After the autumn moult the crown, hind-neck, and mantle are ash-grey, with 

 darker striations, especially on the crown. The wings are ash-grey, the major 

 coverts tipped with white, and the long inner secondaries indistinctly margined 

 with white. The forehead, sides of the head, and the whole of the under parts 

 white. The juvenile plumage resembles that of the adult in winter, but differs 

 in having the feathers of the mantle black with white tips, producing a mottled 

 effect. The rump is ash-grey, narrowly barred with black and brown. The minor 

 coverts are ash-brown, with a broad sub terminal bar of pale buff and a very narrow 

 line of black along the free edge. The under parts are white, with a tinge of buff 

 at the base of the neck. Young in down are of a greyish buff colour above, relieved 

 by mottlings of richer buff and black degenerate stripes and spangled with 

 white, while the head is marked by a nuclear patch of buff. The under parts are 

 white, and the legs and beak dark leaden grey (Eagle Clarke, Brit. Birds, vol. iii. 

 p. 35, 1909). [w. P. P.] 



2. Distribution. There is some evidence that this species has bred in 

 Iceland (Ibis, 1886, p. 50, etc.), and it has now been proved to breed on Spitsbergen 

 by Dr. W. S. Bruce, who obtained young in down. Dr. Walter found it nesting 

 on the Taimyr Peninsula in 1901, and Mr. Birulia on the New Siberian Isles. It 

 is said to breed in the Uralsk government and the Lower Oxus, but these statements 

 require confirmation before they can be accepted. In the New World eggs were 

 obtained from Sabine Island in East Greenland in 1870, and in N.E. Greenland 

 by Mr. A. L. Manniche, as well as on the west side near Godthaab. The first 

 authentic eggs were taken near Franklin Bay in 1863 by MacFarlane ; it breeds 

 freely on the Parry Islands (Sabine) ; Colonel Feilden obtained eggs in Grinnell 

 Land in 1876, and it has also been recorded as breeding from Alaska and Ellesmere 

 Land. The migration range of this species is very extensive, and though some 

 winter in the Mediterranean basin, records exist of its appearance in Africa south 

 to Cape Colony and Natal, the Atlantic Isles, Southern Asia, the Malay Archipelago 

 (Java, Borneo, etc.) to Australia, the Marshall and Hawaiian Isles. In America 

 it ranges south to Patagonia and Chile. [F. c. B. j.] 



3. Migration. A bird of passage and a winter visitor to our coasts. It 



