422 SANDPIPERS AND RELATED SPECIES 



by the loss of the chestnut fringes. The female is somewhat larger than the 

 male, and has a rather longer beak, which, however, varies greatly in length. 

 After the autumn moult the upper parts are of an ash-brown colour, obscurely 

 striated with darker grey, while the under parts are white. The juvenile dress 

 resembles that of the adult in nuptial plumage, the upper parts differing only in 

 having the hinder scapulars wholly black, with white, or buff and white, margins, 

 while the lateral interscapulars are similarly margined with white. The wings, 

 unlike those of the adults, participate in these brighter hues, the minor coverts 

 having chestnut margins, as also do the long inner secondaries. The innermost 

 primaries show a triangular patch of white along the base of the outer web. The 

 throat is white, the fore-breast grey washed with buff and striated with black, 

 while the sides of the breast are more or less thickly spotted with black, the rest 

 of the under parts being white. The young in down have the upper parts chestnut, 

 relieved by black and white mottlings. Along the forehead runs a broad black 

 line, giving place on the crown to an oblong line of black enclosing a median black 

 stripe. The lores, and bar behind the eye, are black, and there is a broad band of 

 buff-white above the eye. In the middle of the back is a ring of black surrounded 

 by white points which are continued down the middle line of the lower back to 

 branch later and turn downwards, joining two lateral bands of black studded with 

 buffish white points behind the wings. The throat is buffish white darkening on 

 the neck. The rest of the under parts are dull white, [w. p. p.] 



2. Distribution. In the British Isles the dunlin is known to have bred 

 in small numbers in the Devonian Peninsula (Devon, Cornwall, and probably 

 Somerset), while in Wales it has been proved to nest in Cardigan, Merioneth, and 

 Denbigh, almost certainly in Brecon, and perhaps also in Pembroke. It formerly 

 bred in the Dee marshes, and still does so in South Lancashire and at one locality 

 in Lincolnshire, while from the North Derbyshire and Yorkshire moors north- 

 ward it occurs sparingly in the Pennine range, and also in Lakeland. In Scot- 

 land it is commoner, and widely distributed, not only on the mainland, but also 

 on many of the islands on the west coast, as well as in the Orkneys and Shet- 

 lands. In Ireland it breeds in small numbers in many parts of Ulster, Connaught, 

 and Leinster. Outside the British Isles it breeds in North-east Greenland, Iceland, 

 and the Faeroes : from Northern Scandinavia, Kolguev, Waigatz, Novaya Zemlya, 

 and North Russia south to Holland, North Germany, the Baltic Provinces, and 

 the Pskov, Moscow, Jaroslav, and Perm governments in Russia. Exceptionally 

 it has bred in South Spain, the Alps, and the marshes of Venetia. It also ranges 



