254 THE DIVING DUCKS 



brown, the rest of the under parts white. Length 15-5 in. [393 mm.]. The juvenile 

 dress resembles that of the female, but is of a paler brown, while the white areas 

 axe less white. Young males have chesnut margins to the scapulars, inner 

 secondaries, and wing-coverts, and the white on the neck more conspicuous. The 

 young in down are of a dark brown above, a white spot on the lores, above and 

 below the eye. The white of the throat extends upwards towards the nape. The 

 fore-breast and flanks are brown, the rest of the under parts white, [w. P. p.] 



2. Distribution. Although there is little doubt that a few birds breed from 

 time to time on the Shetlands, and probably also on the Orkneys, the evidence is as 

 yet not fully satisfactory. John Wolley and Saxby received eggs believed to be of 

 this species from the Shetlands; and 0. V. Aplin stated that he had reports of breed- 

 ing in 1911 on the Orkneys, but gave somewhat scanty details (Zoologist, 1911, 

 p. 432; 1912, p. 195). Outside the British Isles it has probably bred in the Faeroes and 

 Jan Mayen ; while in Iceland it is locally abundant, and also breeds on Spitsbergen 

 and Bear Island. In Norway it is found north of Valders and the Dovrefjeld, and 

 also in Swedish Lapland; hi Russia from Lapland and Lake Onega throughout 

 North-east Russia, from the Arctic Ocean south to the Perm government, as well as 

 on Novaya Zemlya, Waigatz, and probably Kolguev. In Asia it ranges on the 

 tundra of Siberia across the Continent to the Commander Isles, while in America 

 it breeds on the Aleutian Isles and from Alaska to Hudson's Bay, Labrador, and 

 Greenland, as well as on the arctic shores and islands of that continent north to 

 lat. 82. Its winter range extends to Southern France and Venetia, while it has 

 occurred in the Azores and Northern Italy casually. Eastward it winters in 

 Austro-Hungary, rarely in Herzegovina and the Dobrogea ; and in Asia ranges to 

 the Caspian, Lake Baikal, China, and Japan. American birds winter from New 

 England to the middle states, casually to Florida, Texas, and California. [F. c. B. j.] 



3. Migration. Winter visitor from Northern Europe to the coasts of the 

 British Isles, but uncommon on the south and west of England (though exceptionally 

 numerous there in the winter of 1887-8) ; irregular on the north and west of Ireland 

 and rare on the south of Ireland (cf. Saunders, III. Man. B. B., 2nd. ed., 1899, p. 455). 

 Arrival usually takes place between 26th September and 31st October, but 24th 

 July is given as an exceptional date (cf. Clarke, Studies in Bird Migration, 1912, 

 vol. i. p. 160). The bulk of the birds that visit us are immature : departure occurs 

 hi April, some birds lingering till May. The longtailed-duck is described as 

 " an occasional winter visitor " to Dumfriesshire, as " rare " in North Wales, as 

 " sometimes not uncommon " hi Yorkshire, and as " rare even in hard seasons " 



