260 THE DIVING DUCKS 



Sutherland, but it also nests in Cromarty and locally in some parts of Ross and 

 Inverness. It is also recorded as breeding in Tiree in 1897, and is said to have 

 nested in the Shetlands in 1911. These localities are all in Scotland, but the late 

 Major H. Trevelyan found a pair nesting on a large lough in the west of Ireland 

 in 1905, and noticed the birds in the preceding year. They continued to breed 

 there subsequently, but apparently did not increase in numbers. Outside the 

 British Isles it nests in fair numbers in Iceland, and was recorded as breeding on 

 Spitsbergen in 1905 by Koenig, while on the Continent it is rare on the high fjeld 

 of Southern Norway, but from there and from Jemtland in Sweden northward 

 ranges to East Finmark. In Finland it is not found breeding south of 61J, and 

 in Russia it nests in Lapland, the Archangel government and the lower Petschora, 

 as well as on Waigatz and Novaya Zemlya. Eastward in Asia it has been recorded 

 as breeding east to the Taimyr Peninsula and also in the Tobolsk government. In 

 North-east Siberia as well as in North America it is replaced by an allied form, 

 which ranges west to the Lena. The ordinary winter range extends to the North 

 Sea and English Channel, but it occurs also as far south as the coasts of Spam and 

 Marocco, the Azores and Rio d'Oro on the west, the Mediterranean, Black Sea, 

 Palestine coast and Caspian Sea, while the American race ranges to California and 

 casually to Florida. [F. c. B. j.] 



3. Migration. Resident, breeding in the areas of Scotland mentioned in 

 the preceding paragraph, while flocks of immature birds remain off our coasts 

 throughout the summer. More numerous as a winter visitor from Northern 

 Europe, arriving between 10th September and 9th October (exceptionally as early 

 as 5th August), and recorded as a bird of passage from 5th September to late 

 October and from 29th April to 7th June (cf. Clarke, Studies in Bird Migration, 

 1912, vol. i. pp. 136, 160). In Ireland it is chiefly known on the northern coasts 

 from October to April (cf . Ussher and Warren, B. of Ireland, 1900, p. 214). On the 

 Dumfriesshire coast it is a common winter visitor, and off North Wales it is 

 numerous even up till May, and some are seen during the summer (cf. Gladstone, 

 B. of Dumfries., 1910, p. 293 ; and Forrest, Fauna of N. Wales, 1907, p. 299). On 

 the Yorkshire coast a few are usually seen in summer, and it is common in winter 

 and very numerous in some seasons (cf. Nelson, B. of Yorks., 1907, p. 478). Large 

 flocks appear off the coast of Kent towards the end of September and pass down 

 the Channel ; their numbers are increased, sometimes to a huge extent, if the 

 season farther north is a severe one : the return takes place in March and April 

 (cf. Ticehurst, B. of Kent, 1909, p. 371). Gregarious, and often in flocks of thou- 



