290 THE SAWBILLED-DUCKS 



of plumage. (PI. 165.) Length 24 in. [609 mm.]. The male in full dress has the 

 head and upper part of the neck black glossed with green, and a double median 

 crest. The middle of the neck is white, while the base of the fore-neck is buff 

 with heavy dusky striations, and the base of the hind-neck black, while a patch of 

 white feathers, margined with black, covers the wrist-joint in the closed wing ; the 

 back is black. The wing-coverts are white, relieved by two black bars. The flanks 

 are vermiculated with black and white, while the breast and abdomen are white 

 tinged with salmon-pink. Beak, iris, legs, and toes crimson. The eclipse dress 

 is like that of the male in first plumage. The female differs from the female 

 goosander in having the head and neck of a dull brownish red and the throat 

 rufous, hi the absence of white La the scapulars, and the uniform brownish grey 

 of the flanks. The male in immature dress differs from the adult female in having 

 a shorter crest, and the flanks slate-grey. The young hi down are of a dark 

 chocolate-brown above, with a chesnut tinge on the head and side of the neck, 

 a white ring round the eye, and a white spot before and behind the wing and on 

 each side of the base of the tail. [w. P. P.] 



2. Distribution. This duck is widely distributed hi the breeding season 

 along the coasts and rivers of Scotland, south to the Tay area on the east side, and 

 to Dumbarton, Bute, that part of Argyllshire which lies within the Clyde area, and 

 probably Ayrshire on the west. It is common on the Orkneys and also breeds in 

 the Shetlands, while on the west side it inhabits the Inner and Outer Hebrides. 

 It does not breed in England, but hi Ireland attains the southern limit of its 

 breeding range, nesting on the coasts and by the larger lochs, chiefly in Ulster, 

 Connaught, and Munster, from the coast of Co. Down on the east through Meath, 

 Westmeath, and N. Tipperary to Kerry on the west. Outside the British Isles it 

 nests sparingly on the Faeroes and commonly hi Iceland, while on the Continent it 

 is found in Southern Norway chiefly in the ulterior, and hi the north near the 

 coast; hi Sweden and Finland generally: hi Russia from Lapland south to the 

 Baltic provinces on the west and lat. 50 on the Volga, but not in the Moscow, 

 Tula, and Orenburg governments, though found in that of Ufa, and it is said also 

 in the Caucasus. In Germany it occurs in the northern provinces from Holstein 

 and Mecklenburg to East Prussia, and also in Denmark. In America its range 

 extends from Greenland, Davis Strait, and Labrador on the east to Alaska, the 

 Aleutian . Isles, oad. the Kuriles on the west, and south to about lat. 45. Its 

 winter range. includes the coasts (and to some extent the rivers) of Europe to the 

 Mediterranean and its islands, as well as the North African coast, the Azores, and 



