408 THE GREBES 



with a satin-like sheen. The inner secondaries and marginal coverts are white, 

 but parapteral feathers are brown. After the autumn moult the sides of the head 

 and neck lose their distinctive coloration and become white. The juvenile dress 

 resembles that of the adult winter dress, but the cheeks and sides of the head and 

 upper part of the neck are more or less plainly marked by blackish streaks. The 

 young in down differs from that of the great crested-grebe chiefly in lacking the 

 vermilion coloured patch on the forehead, and the somewhat more sharply con- 

 trasted longitudinal stripes, [w. P. P.] 



2. Distribution. This species is only a whiter visitor to our islands, and 

 breeds on the Continent in Southern Sweden, South Finland, and in Russia from 

 the Enare basin, the southern part of the Kola Peninsula, and locally in the Arch- 

 angel government south to the mouth of the Dneister, the Putrid Sea, and Trans- 

 caucasia. It also nests in Denmark, Germany, probably Holland, Austro-Hungary, 

 and the Dobrogea. It is also said to have been found breeding in Marocco, but this 

 appears to require confirmation. In Asia it is widely distributed, ranging north to 

 the Tobolsk and Tomsk governments, and south to the Turgai government and 

 the Oxus delta, but in East Siberia (lower Kolyma, Ussuria, Kamtschatka, etc.) is 

 replaced by a larger race, which is also found in North America from lat. 50 to 

 the Arctic Ocean and Greenland. On migration it ranges south to the Mediter- 

 ranean and North Africa (Marocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Egypt), and in Asia to the 

 Caspian Sea, while the eastern form winters in Japan and the United States. In 

 winter the western race visits Norway regularly, and has been recorded once from 

 Spitsbergen and Iceland. [F. c. B. J.] 



3. Migration. A winter visitor, mainly to the eastern seaboard of Great 

 Britain ; arrival takes place between 17th August and 20th September, and depart- 

 ture hi March (cf. Clarke, Studies in Bird Migration, 1912, vol. i. p. 162 ; and 

 Nelson, B. of Yorks., 1907, p. 740). As far south as Kent it is only a rare occasional 

 visitor, though recorded from September till April (cf. Ticehurst, B. of Kent, 1909, 

 p. 542). Although of irregular appearance in the Channel, and rare on the west 

 of Great Britain generally, it is apparently not infrequent off Cornwall (cf. Saunders, 

 III. Man. British Birds, 2nd ed., 1899, p. 719). There are very few Irish records, 

 all for December, January, or February (cf . Ussher and Warren, B. of Ireland, 1900, 

 p. 379). Great influxes are occasionally observed, "as hi 1865 and again hi 1897 

 in Norfolk, hi January 1891 in Yorkshire, and on the coast of East Lothian hi the 

 early part of 1895 " (Saunders, loc. cit.). It very rarely visits our inland waters. 

 [A. L. T.] 



