CLASSIFIED NOTES 469 



Northern Russia, except in the extreme north and the Kola Peninsula. It is not uncommon in 

 the Baltic Provinces and Poland, and also breeds in North-eastern Germany (East Prussia and 

 perhaps Pomerania) as well as in Galizia and Hungary ; probably also in Montenegro and 

 Bulgaria, but sparingly. It is only a regular migrant in the most northerly part of its range, 

 though wandering in the winter months over Middle Europe, and occasionally recorded from 

 Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor. To Great Britain it is an irregular winter visitor to the 

 northern islands of Scotland and the east coast south to Norfolk. [F. c. R. j.] 



SCARLET-GROSBEAK [Carjiwlnciis erythrinus Pallas ; Pyrrhula erythrina (Pallas). Scarlet- 

 rosennch. French, roselin cramaisi ; German, Karmingimpel ; Italian, verdone 

 bastardo}. 



1. Description. Recognised by its crimson plumage. The sexes differ in coloration. 

 Length 6 in. [153 mm.]. General colour of the upper parts crimson, brightest on the 

 head and rump ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts dark 

 brown, with rosy fringes ; tail feathers brownish, edged with red ; cheeks, throat, and breast 

 bright rose-crimson, gradually merging into the whitish of the lower breast and abdomen; 

 under tail-coverts white, slightly tinged with rosy ; bastard-wing, primary coverts, and quills 

 dark brown, fringed with olive; iris hazel; bill greyish; legs and toes brownish. The adult 

 female has the upper parts of an olive-brown colour with dark centres to the feathers, 

 especially those of the head, neck, and mantle ; rump and upper tail-coverts uniform brownish 

 olive; lesser wing-coverts like the back; greater coverts dark brown, edged with brownish olive 

 and tipped with yellowish white, forming a double wing-bar; wings and tail olive-brown, 

 edged with yellowish olive ; under surface of body yellowish white streaked with brown ; 

 abdomen whitish. Young birds may be recognised by the yellow tint on the feathers of the 

 under side. [w. p. p. and T. w.] 



2. Distribution. The European breeding-grounds of this species lie chiefly in Russia, but 

 it is not uncommon in some districts of East Prussia, and is said to have formerly bred in Silesia. 

 It also nests in Galizia and parts of North Hungary. In Russia its northern limits extend to 

 middle Finland and the lower Petschora, and south to the lower Volga and Don valleys. In 

 Siberia its breeding range extends east to the Lena, but in Eastern Asia, as well as in Central 

 Asia and probably the Caucasus, it is replaced by allied races. On migration specimens have 

 been obtained not only in the British Isles, but also in Holland, Belgium, S. Sweden, France, 

 Spain, and Italy. From England and Wales there are four records, and fourteen from Scot- 

 land up to the end of 1912, six of which are from Fair Island, four from the Isle of May, and 

 three from St. Kilda. [F. c. R. J.] 



PINE-GROSBEAK [Pinicola enucledtor (Linnaeus). French, bouvreuil dur bee; German, 

 Hakengimpel, Fichtengimpel ; Italian, ciuffolotto del pinete]. 



1. Description. Distinguished by its large size (i.e. the largest of all the finches), with a 

 length of over 8 in. [215 mm.]. Sexes differ in coloration. The adult male has the 

 general colour of the upper parts rose-crimson, mottled on the back by ash-coloured bases to 

 the feathers ; primaries dusky brown, narrowly fringed with rose-colour ; secondaries and their 

 coverts broadly margined with white ; tail dusky brown, very faintly margined with crimson 

 towards the base ; cheeks, sides of the face, and under surface of the body rosy-crimson ; abdomen, 

 thighs, and under wing- and tail-coverts brownish ash. The adult female is slightly smaller 

 than the male, and all the rose-red colour is absent, being replaced with golden olive-yellow, 

 [w. p. p. and T. w.] 



2. Distribution. Breeds in Europe only in the north of Scandinavia and Russia. In 

 Norway its breeding range extends south to Saltdalen, and in Sweden it is only found in Lapland. 



VOL. IV. 3 O 



