AS MEANS OF IDENTIFICATION 565 



(b) Genus Coccothraustes. Bill massive ; a median striated horny pad on roof of 



mouth, two similar pads on each side of inner surface of lower jaw ; inner 

 primaries with billhook-shaped tips. Sexes differ. (Vol. i. p. 65.) 



(c) Genus Fringilla. Beak with the upper jaw markedly swollen at the sides; outer- 



most functional primary markedly shorter than penultimate; wing barred across 

 with white. Sexes differ. (Vol. i. p. 67.) 



(d) Genus Carduelis. Beak slender, conical, pointed ; three outer primaries equal ; wing 



barred across with yellow. (Vol. i. p. 69.) 



(e) Genux Linota. Beak conspicuously short ; the outermost functional primary 



longest ; tarso-metatarsal scutellfe obsolete. (Vol. i. p. 72.) 



(f) (ii MM 1'it.wr. Beak with both upper and lower jaws laterally inflated, with con- 



spicuous rictal bristles ; three outermost primaries equal ; tarso- metatarsus 

 conspicuously scutellated. (Vol. i. p. 76.) 



(g) Genus Loxia. Beak with tips of the mandibles crossed; upper jaw grooved. 



(Vol. i. p. 79.) 

 (h) Genus Pyrrhula. Beak very short, much inflated laterally ; outermost functional 



primary shorter than penultimate and antepenultimate. (Vol. i. p. 81.) 

 (i) Oenus Emberiza.Re&k with the cutting edges inturned, a more or less distinct 



palatal knob ; penultimate primary slightly longer than remex on either side ; 



claw of hallux long and arched. (Vol. i. p. 157.) 



(k) Genus Passerina. Beak small, cutting edges inturned, palatal knob incon- 

 spicuous ; wings long, reaching nearly to end of tail, outermost feather longest ; 



claw of hind-toe long and nearly straight ; legs black. (Vol. i. p. 164.) 

 (I) Genus Cnlcarius. Beak with cutting edges inturned ; hind claw nearly straight, 



longer than the toe itself; legs black. (Vol. i. p. 166.) 



3. FAMILY ALAUDID^ LARKS. 



Hinder border of tarsus more or less distinctly scutellate ; nostrils concealed by short 

 brush-like feathers ; inner secondaries elongated. 



(a) Genus Alauda. Outermost (10th) primary vestigial ; claw of hind-toe very long 



and straight ; tarso-metatarsus slightly longer than middle toe and claw. (Vol. 

 i. p. 199.) 



(b) Genus Eremophila. Outermost (10th) primary vestigial ; claw of hind-toe long 



and straight ; tarso-metatarsus not exceeding the middle toe and claw. (Vol. i. 

 p. 203.) 



(c) Genus Melanocorypha. Beak finch-like, but laterally compressed ; 10th primary 



vestigial ; tarso-metatarsus longer than the middle toe and claw ; claw of hallux 

 long and straight, longer than the hallux. (Rare Birds, vol. iv. p. 474.) 



(d) Genus Calandrella. Beak conical ; 10th primary vestigial ; inner secondaries long, 



extending to the end of the primaries ; claw of hallux slightly curved, as long 

 as the hallux. (Rare Birds, vol. iv. p. 475.) 



4. FAMILY MOTACILLID.S WAGTAILS AND PIPITS. 



Hinder border of tarso-metatarsus covered with large lateral shields ; inner secondaries 

 elongated, reaching to tips of primaries ; nostrils covered by a delicate membranous 

 operculum, not bristle covered ; 10th primary vestigial. 



(a) Genus MotaciUa. Tail as long as, or longer than, the wing from wrist to tip. (Vol. 

 i.p. 221.) 



(b) Genus Anthus. Tail shorter than, or not exceeding, the wing. (Vol. i. p. 229.) 

 VOL. IV. 4 C 



