5G6 STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS 



5. FAMILY CERTHIID.S5 TREE-CREEPERS. 



Beak long, slender, decurved ; nostrils covered by a membranous operculum ; outermost 

 (10th) primary extending considerably beyond the level of the primary major coverts ; 

 wing short, rounded, 8th remex longest ; hind-toe and claw very long. 



(a) Genus Certhia. Tail long and spiny. 



(6) Genus Tichodroma. Tail short, rounded, and of soft feathers. (Vol. i. p. 278.) 



6. FAMILY TROGLODYTID.E WRENS. 



Eeak moderately long, slender, slightly decurved; nostrils covered by a membranous 

 operculum ; outermost (10th) primary as long as the tarso-metatarsus ; wing short and 

 rounded ; outer and middle toes joined at the base. 



(a) Genus Troglodytes. Tail short ; tarso-metatarsus scutellated in front ; claws very 

 long and curved. (Vol. i. p. 286.) 



7. FAMILY CINCLID-ffi DIPPERS. 



Beak moderately long and stout, straight, laterally compressed ; nostrils in a fossa, covered 

 by a membranous operculum ; outermost (10th) primary short, barely extending beyond 

 the primary coverts; outer and middle toes joined at the base; hind-toe longer than 

 inner toe. 



(a) Genus Cinclus. Tail short ; tarso-metatarsus scutellated in front ; claws moder- 

 ately long and stout; hind- toe shorter than inner toe. (Vol. i. p. 298.) 



8. FAMILY TURDID.E THRUSHES. 



Scutellae of acrotarsium fused ; outermost (10th) primary vestigial. 



(a) Genus Turdus. Beak with a slight notch at the tip ; gape with slender rictal 



bristles ; juvenile plumage spotted. (Vol. i. p. 317.) 

 (6) Genus Monticola. 1 Differs from Turdus chiefly in its relatively longer wings and 



shorter tail, and in its conspicuously brighter coloration ; tail red. (Vol. iv. 



p. 482.) * 



(c) Genus Saxicola. Beak rather wide at the gape ; nostrils in a fossa, with a mem- 

 branous operculum ; rictal bristles feeble ; culmen longer than the hind-toe ; 

 outermost (10th) primary short, not extending to end of primary coverts ; tail 

 long, forked. (Vol. i. p. 331.) 



(d) Genus Pratincola. Beak short ; culmen not longer than the hind-toe ; gape wide ; 



rictal bristles long ; wings relatively short ; tail short. (Vol. i. p. 333.) 

 (e) Genus Phcenicurus. Beak slender, pointed, slightly emarginate; rictal bristles 



well developed ; acrotarsium covered with a large and three inferior small scutes ; 



tail red. (Vol. i. p. 338.) 

 (/) Genus Cyanecula. Differs from Phoenicurus in having but few rictal bristles, and 



four inferior scutellae on the acrotarsium ; basal half of tail red ; throat blue. 



(Vol. i. p. 341.) 

 (g) Genus Erithacus. Beak slender, slightly notched at tip ; nostrils in a fossa, 



covered by a membranous operculum ; rictal bristles sparse ; outermost (10th) 



primary relatively long, half as long as 9th. (Vol. i. p. 342.) 

 (k) Genus Luscinia. Beak slender, slightly notched at tip ; rictal bristles vestigial 



outermost (10th) primary vestigial; acrotarsium covered by a single plate and 



four inferior scutellse. (Vol. i. p. 345.) 



1 The recognition of the genus Monticola in this place must be regarded as a concession to ornithological usage. 

 In no classification worthy of the name would this genus be recognised. 



