568 STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS 



present ; acrotarsium scutellate ; tarsus short ; outermost (10th) primary long. Plumage 

 of adult black and yellow. 



(a) Genus Oriolus. Characters included in that of the family, which contains but one 

 genus. (Vol. ii. p. 143.) 



12. FAMILY AMPELID-ffi WAXWINGS. 



Beak short, arched, both mandibles notched at the tip, wide at the gape ; nostrils round, in 

 a fossa, partly overarched by the feathers of the forehead ; 10th primary vestigial; feet 

 short ; acrotarsium scutellate. 



(a) Genus Ampelia. Secondaries and tail feathers tipped with horny, sealing-wax red 

 expansions to the shaft. (Vol. ii. p. 156.) 



13. FAMILY PARID.E TITMICE. 



Bill very short and conical ; nostrils round without an operculum, concealed by feathers ; 

 tarsus scutellate ; hind-toe long ; claws long and curved. 



(a) Genus ^Egitliolus. Tail very long and fan-shaped. (Vol. ii. p. 171.) 



(b) Genus Parus. Tail shorter than the wing ; outermost (10th) primary half as long 



as penultimate remex. (Vol. ii. p. 173.) 



14. FAMILY SITTIDJE NUTHATCHES. 



Beak moderately long, straight ; mandible with the inferior border convex ; tail short, of 

 soft feathers ; acrotarsium scutellate ; toes long ; claws long and much curved. 



(a) Genus Sitta. Nostrils round, without an operculum, bristle covered ; outer and 

 middle toe fused at their bases ; 10th primary relatively long. (Vol. ii. p. 213.) 



15. FAMILY PANURIDJE BEARDED-TITMICE. 



Beak short, culmen arched ; nostrils in a fossa covered by a membranous operculum ; 

 outermost (10th) primary in adult vestigial, in juvenile half as long as penultimate ; tail 

 very long, fan-shaped. 



(a) Genus Panurus. Characters as for the family. (Vol. ii. p. 222.) 



16. FAMILY LANIIDJE SHRIKES. 



Beak stout, laterally compressed, culmen arched ; upper jaw with a well-defined " tooth," 

 and hooked at its tip ; palatine spurred posteriorly. 



(a) Genus Lanius. Nostrils round, without an operculum, and partly concealed by 

 short stiff feathers ; acrotarsium scutellate ; 10th primary longer than the primary 

 major coverts. (Vol. ii. p. 237.) 



17. FAMILY MUSCICAPID.iE FLYCATCHERS. 



Beak short, depressed, wide at the gape, culmen strongly marked ; rictal bristles well 

 developed ; nostrils oval, surrounded by membrane and partly concealed by bristles. 



(a) Genus Muscicapa. Outermost (10th) primary vestigial, but slightly longer than 

 the major coverts of the hand ; scutellse of acrotarsium fused ; middle toe and claw 

 as long as the tarso-metatarsus. (Vol. ii. p. 261.) 



is. FAMILY HIRUNDINID.S: SWALLOWS. 



Spinal feather-tract forked between the scapulae ; beak short, depressed, wide at the gape ; 

 outermost (10th) primary vestigial, 9th very long; tarso-inetatarsus very short; claws 

 long and curved. 



