AS MEANS OF IDENTIFICATION 579 



SUBORDER: CICONI^E 



Beak long ; hypotarsus simple ; without cervical apteria ; claw of middle toe not pectinated ; 

 hallux raised above the level of the front toes ; no powder-down patches. 



2. FAMILY CICONIIlXffi-STORKS. 



Beak long, straight and pointed ; tongue vestigial ; temporal fossae deep ; sternum with a 

 single pair of notches ; toes webbed at the base. 



(a) Genus Ciconia. Beak longer than the head, straight and pointed. (Vol. iv. p. 551.) 



3. FAMILY IBIDJE-IBISES. 



Beak-sheath compound ; beak not pointed ; temporal fossae shallow ; with large occipital 

 fontanelles ; sternum with two notches on its hinder border. 



(a) Genus Egatheus. Beak subcylindrical, decurved ; nostrils schizorhinal ; tarso- 



metatarsus scutellate ; face naked. (Vol. iv. p. 317.) 



(6) Genus Platalea. Beak depressed dorso-ventrally, and spoon-shaped ; nostrils 

 holorhinal ; tarso-metatarsus reticulated ; face naked. (Vol. iv. p. 306.) 



SUBORDER: PHCENICOPTERI 



Holorhinal ; spina interna Y-shaped ; twelve primaries ; tongue large and fleshy ; rhampho- 

 theca soft; supra-orbital grooves well developed; caeca large; wing diastataxic. 



4. FAMILY PHffiNICOPTERIDJE FLAMINGOES. 



Beak sharply deflected in the middle; lower jaw larger than the upper; edges of beak 

 lamellated ; toes webbed. 



(a) Genus Phcenicopterus. Edges of upper jaw overlapping the lower jaw ; throat 

 naked. (Vol. iv. p. 546.) 



SUBORDER: STEGANOPODES 



All four toes included within a common web ; caeca vestigial ; apteria very small ; tongue 

 vestigial ; nostrils obsolete ; rhamphotheca compound ; carina sterni produced far forward 

 beyond the body of the sternum. 



5. FAMILY PHALACROCORACIDJE CORMORANTS. 



With a single pair of syringeal muscles; opisthoccelous thoracic vertebrae; a small spina 

 sterni externa ; beak hooked, hinged at its base. 



(a) Genus Phalacrocorax. Face and throat naked ; tail rounded, of twelve or fourteen 

 long, stiff feathers ; outer toe longer than the middle toe. (Vol. iv. p. 352.) 



6. FAMILY SULID^ GANNETS. 



Syringeal muscles wanting; thoracic vertebrae opisthoccelous; spina externa and interna 

 wanting ; beak cone-shaped, pointed with a hinge at its base. 



(a) Genus Sula. Beak with serrated edges ; face and throat naked ; tail pointed ; 

 middle toe longer than the outer toe. (Vol. iv. p. 364.) 



