590 BRITISH GENERAL MIGRATORY MOVEMENTS 



Garden-warbler. P. 

 Chiffchaff. P. 1 

 Willow-wren. P. 1 

 Wood-warbler. 

 Reed-warbler. P. 

 Marsh- warbler. 

 Sedge-warbler. P. 

 Grasshopper- warbler. 

 Golden-oriole. P. 

 Redbacked-shrike. P. 

 Spotted- flycatcher. P. 

 Pied-flycatcher. P. 



Swallow. P. 

 House-martin. P. 

 Sand-martin. P. 

 Wryneck. P. 

 Swift. P. 

 Nightjar. 

 Hoopoe. P. 

 Cuckoo. 

 Turtle-dove. 

 Puffin. 



Common-tern. P. 

 Arctic-tern. P. 



Roseate- tern. 

 Sandwich-tern. P. 

 Little- tern. P. 

 Stone-curlew. P. 

 Rednecked-Phalarope. 



P. 



Dotterel. P. 

 Kentish-plover. P. 

 Common-sandpiper. 

 Whimbrel. P. 

 Corncrake. 



Spotted-crake. P.- 

 Quail. P. 3 

 Montagu's harrier. P. 

 Hobby. P. 

 Honey-buzzard. P. 

 Garganey. P. 

 Storm-petrel. 

 Leach's forktailed- 



petrel. P. 



Manx-shearwater. P. 

 Fulmar. 



VII. WINTER VISITORS 



The winter visitors are birds which do not nest in the British Islands, but come to us for a 

 more or less prolonged stay during the colder season. When the summer visitors are leaving 

 our shores from East Anglia to Land's End and the southern coasts of Ireland, the winter 

 visitors are arriving on our east and north-east seaboard, accompanied by birds which 

 as individuals are winter visitors but which belong to species which are resident; also 

 by many birds of passage on the way from breeding quarters in the far north to winter 

 quarters south of the British Isles. Streams from Iceland, Greenland, and the north-west, 

 from Scandinavia, the Baltic Provinces, Russia, and Siberia, strike the coast at various points 

 from the Shetlands southward. Outlying islands, such as Fair Island and the Isle of May, 

 become important observatories, for it is evident that many of the southward hurrying birds 

 intentionally or accidentally reach these islands as refuges for rest and food. 



The best known of our winter visitors, including many which are also sedentary residents, 

 distribute themselves throughout our islands, finding in them a food-supply sufficient for their 

 winter needs. Some of these, such as the mealy-redpoll and brambling, will in some winters 

 entirely desert our islands, becoming for the time purely birds of passage, whilst the siskin, 

 snow-bunting, and some others, which have already been classed as residents on account of 

 their constant presence as a species, are much better known in their habit of visiting us for 

 the winter. The majority of the winter visitors are also birds of passage (marked P. on the 

 list), and some of them for example, the waxwing are so irregular in their appearance that 

 they might almost be classed amongst the irregular visitors. 



Brambling. P. 

 Mealy-redpoll. P. 4 

 Shore-lark. P. 

 Redwing. P. 

 Fieldfare. P. 

 Black-redstart. P. 

 Waxwing. P. 



Snowy-owl. 



Little-auk. 



Little-gull. 



Glaucous-gull. 



Iceland-gull. 



Pomathorine-skua. P. 



Buffon's skua. P. 



Jack-snipe. 

 Grey-plover. P. 

 Turnstone. P. 

 Purple-sandpiper. 

 Knot. P. 

 Sanderling. P. 

 Green-sandpiper. 



Bartailed-godwit. 

 Greenland-f al con. 4 

 Whitefronted-goose. 

 Bean-goose. P. 

 Pinkfooted-goose. P. 

 Barnacle-goose. P. 

 P. 5 Brent-goose. P. 4 



P. 



1 The northern willow-wren, a local race, is a regular bird of passage, and distinct geographical races of other 

 species marked occur as regular visitors. 



2 Also occasionally a winter visitor, so might be classed as a resident. 



3 The passage movements of the quail are irregular, but the bird has occurred in winter, and it is subject to 

 fluctuations in number which suggest irruptions. 



4 Other forms recognised as irregular visitors. 



' In most places best known on passage. For evidence of its occurrence as a winter visitor, see Coward, Vert. 

 Fauna of Cheihire, L 408. 



