6i 



APPENDIX. 



HISTORY OF THE WAR AGAINST MOSQUITOES. 



The connection between mosquitoes and elephantiasis was dis- 

 covered in 1880 by MANSON. In 1900, JAMES and Low discovered 

 that the parasites, sucked from the blood of patients by the mosquito, 

 finally enter the proboscis of the insect in order to return into a fresh 

 human being ; so that mosquitoes simply convey the parasites from 

 the sick to the healthy. 



The story of malaria is briefly as follows : LAVERAN discovered 

 the parasites of this disease in 1880. Subsequently several people 

 independently conjectured that mosquitoes carry these parasites 

 also namely, KING in 1883, KOCH in 1883-4, LAVERAN in 1884, 

 MANSON in 1894, BIGNAMI in 1896, and others ; but it must be 

 understood that these scientists did not go beyond conjecture, or at 

 the most hypothesis. 



The fundamental facts regarding the life-history of this group of 

 parasites in the mosquito ; the proof of the mosquito-theory of 

 malaria ; the first determination of the kind of mosquito which 

 carries human malaria, and of other facts of leading importance in 

 this connection, were obtained solely and simply by my researches of 

 1895-99.* I regret that I am forced to make such a boastful state- 

 ment ; but the fact is that the constant misrepresentations to which 

 the public has been treated in this matter leaves me no option but to 

 do so. I must add also that, while my work was based on the admir- 

 able hypotheses of LAVERAN and MANSON,t the execution and 

 completion of it were my own. These researches were confirmed and 

 amplified by KOCH and DANIELS in 1898-9, and by ZIEMANN, 

 CHRISTOPHERS, STEPHENS, MANSON, VAN DER SCHEER, VAN 

 BERLEKOM, NUTTALL, RUGE, ANNETT, JAMES, FERNSIDE, and many 

 others since then. In 1897, MACCALLUM discovered a most important 

 fact in the life-history of the parasites. In 1898-9, BASTIANELLI, BIG- 

 NAMI, and GRASSI ascertained the genus of the mosquito (Anopheles}, 



* See LAVERAN, Bull, de fAcadetnie de Mdecine t 3131 Jan., 1899 ; KOCH, 

 Zeitsckt iftfur Hygiene, Bd. 32, 1899 I Lord LISTER, British Aledicaljournal, 8th 

 Dec. , 1900 ; and Times, iyth Sept , 1901. 



I See my Malaria and Mosquitoes. 



