PARD.] NATURAL HISTORY. 233 



OF the Panther, commonly called a Pardal, a Leopard, and a 

 Libbard. There have been so many names devised for this one 

 beast that it is grown a difficult thing to define it perfectly. 

 The panther is the female, and the Pard the male. When 

 the lion covereth the Pardal, then is the whelp called a 

 leopard or libbard, but when the Pardal covereth the 

 lioness, then it is called a panther. The only difference 

 betwixt the leopard, Pardal and lion is that the leopard or 

 Pardal have no manes. The greatest they call panthers, 

 the second they call Pardals, and the third, least of all, 

 they call leopards, which in England is called a cat of the 

 mountain. And truly in my opinion they are all one kind 

 of beast, and differ in quantity only through adulterous 

 generation. The leopard is a wrathful and an angry beast, 

 and, whensoever it is sick, it thirsteth after the blood of a 

 wild cat, and recovereth by sucking that blood. Above all 

 other things, it delighteth in the camphor-tree, and there- 

 fore lieth underneath it to keep it from spoil ; and in like 

 sort the panther delighteth in sweet gums and spices, and 

 therefore no marvel if they cannot abide garlic, because it 

 annoyeth their sense of smelling ; and if the walls of one's 

 house or sheep-cote be anointed with the juice of garlic, 

 both panthers and leopards will run away from it. The 

 leopard is sometimes tamed and used for hunting ; yet such 

 is the nature of this beast, as also of the Pardal, that if 

 he do not take his prey at the fourth or fifth jump, he 

 destroyeth whomsoever he meeteth, yea, many times his 

 hunter. Therefore the hunters have always a regard to 

 carry with them a lamb or a kid, wherewithal they pacify 

 him after he hath missed his game. The panthers of 

 Lycia and Caria are very long, but yet weak and without 

 carriage, being not able to leap far, yet is their skin so 

 hard as no iron can pierce. There is a beast called Bitis 

 not unlike to the vulgar leopards in all parts, except that 

 it wanteth a tail ; and if this beast be seen by a woman, 

 it will instantly make her to be sick. Great is the love 

 of the panther to all spices and aromatical trees. The 

 female panther is more generous than the male. There is 

 great hatred and enmity between the hyaena and the panther, 

 for in the presence of the hyaena, the Pardal dare not 

 resist ; and if there be a piece of an hyaena's skin about 

 either man or beast, the panther will never touch it ; and 



