FAM. GEOMETRIDZE 7 
Fused : united along a considerable portion of the lower inner edge, so as to prevent the opening 
of the harpes without the risk or certainty of rupture. 
Unless otherwise specified, the characterization given is always founded on the type species 
of the genus. 
. Afew words may be added on the differentiation of the Hemitkeinae from their nearest relatives, 
the Acidaliinae. One. distinction which Turner has considered « radical » is unfortunately inconstant, 
though generally helpful; namely. the wide separation of SC*^ at their base from R!. We have seen 
instances, at least in the variable ?Aodostrophia, where these are absolutely connate, and close approx- 
imation is not very rare. Without any reference to this, however, we have many criteria to apply. 
If SC? is from the cell and anastomoses with SC??, or if SC!? arise coincidently from the cell and 
anastomose with SC35, or even if SC? is stalked with SC?? provided SC!arises far from end of cell 
and the two anastomoses take place, than the species is certainly Acidaliine. If SC! is from the cell and 
fails to anastomose with SC? itis almost certainly Hemitheine; we know of no exception but Cleta, 
Duponchel, and one or two American species of Pychofoda, Stephens, both of which genera have almost 
all the other typical characteristics of the Acidaliinae, and could not perplex the systematist. If the five 
subcostals are stalked but arise in the order SCi?5-3-4, the genus is Hemitheine; if in the order 
SC»-12.54 ( Pleuroprucha, Móschler) it is Acidalüne. This only leaves room for doubt in the case of the 
few genera in which the order is SC15-23-4 ; Chrysocraspeda, Hampson, Oraithospila, Comibaena (part.), 
Argyrocosma, Dipludesma (part.), Lathochlora. Of these, only the first-named belongs to the Acidalünae, 
and this is amply attested, not only by the colour scheme, but by an ensemble of characters which 
would hardly be possible of combination in the Zemüeinae : frenulum fully developed, long (only 
found in generalized HemilAheinae), hindwing with C anastomosing at a point with cell (only found in 
specialized Hemitheinae), discocellulars straight, subcostal stalk arising much before end of cell, etc. 
An interesting generalization has further been offered by Hulst (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Vol. 23, 
p- 247), which we have only checked on a few unrelated species taken at random from the two sub- 
families, and from differing faunas. but which we have thus far found valid. He observes, namely, that the 
Acidaliinae have the pectinations (when present) placed at the base of the segments, the H'emitheinae 
much further distad — he savs « at the top of the segments », but this requires modifying, as they are 
often about the middle. 
Early Stages. — These have been carefully and accurately studied in the case of some of the 
Pakearctic and Nearctic forms. and a basis is hereby provided for some useful generalizations. But there 
is still a deplorable lack of precise and detailed information concerning the other regions, including 
practically the entire area of distribution of our first three groups; from the very few intimations that 
are accessible, there is reason to suspect that they almost entirely lack the specializations which we 
associate with the more recent forms. An admirable series of life-histories by the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows 
is invaluable on the following species : Hzpfarckus fapilionaria, Linné (as Geometra, Ent. Record, Vol. 17, 
p. 200), Comibaena pustulaia, Hiufnagel (ibidem, Vol. 15, p. 171), Hemithea. aestivaria, Hübner (ibidem, 
Vol. 19, p. 234), CAlorissa viridata, l-inné (as Nemoria, ibidem, Vol. 20, p. 128) and EucAloris smaragdaria, 
Fabricius (as PAorodesma, ibidem, Vol. 12, p. 113). Some excellent larval descriptions by Dyar will also 
be noticed in their places. Egg elliptical, usually somewhat flattened above and below, often slightly 
truncate at the broader, micropylar end; pattern consisting of the normal hexagonal reticulation; size 
rather large compared with that of the moth. Larva generally rigid, rugose, granulated, without conspicu- 
ous protuberances, assimilated to small twigs, often wonderfully adaptive, the colour and scheme of 
protection varying according to the conditions of the food-plant; head usually bifid, first thoracic 
segment higher than the head, more or less produced anteriorly into two points. In the Comibaena-group, 
however (and some which do not obviously belong closely to that group, such as Syachlora), protected 
