6 LEPIDOPTERA HETEROCERA 
with SC?, or of SC? (out of SC!) with SC? 1), and — in the hindwing especially — the point of origin 
of R?, above or much above the middle of the discocellulars. 
The specializations of vein C of the hindwing, of which we have already made mention as 
furnishing the groundwork of Hulst's synopsis, only arise in a few of the higher groups. They are not 
found in our first three groups, and only begin to appear accidentally, as it were, in our fourth 
(Agoschema, Agathiopsis, Vicloria, etc.), but the point-anastomosis (or point-appression) followed by 
rapid divergence becomes almost fixed in the Femit/ea-, Comostola- and Eucrostes-sections, leading to 
somewhat longer anastomosis in TAalera, Syuchlora and one or two others; while the strongest anast- 
omosis, although it has not vet attained a higher than generic significance, is found exclusively in our 
two highest groups, and nearly always in conjunction with other marks of advanced specialization : 
palpal or antennal modifications, loss of median spurs, stalking of SC! of forewing, etc. With the 
exception of the Australian and the Malayan (with New Guinea), it appears in all the principal 
faunistic regions, but it is the most prevalent in the "Ethiopian. It is very suggestive that it is the home 
of the most primitive genera which fails to provide this specialization, and that India, the home of 
Archaeobalbis and of most of our second, third and even fourth groups (of course excepting the Australian 
and Malayan), furnishes only a single instance of it, OmfAacodes directa, Walker. This handful of genera 
cannot possibly be confounded with the Laventiüinae if the rest of the venation be taken into account. 
As regards the conventional subfamily character, the position of R? of the hindwing, Turner 
well remarks (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. 35, p. 557) that its significance does not lie in its 
occurrence, but in its fixity. We have already noted it in certain QZwochrominae; it is characteristic in 
a few Acidaliinae (Asellodes, Guenée, etc.), and even in the entirely unrelated Larentiinae R? is at times 
somewhat nearer to R! than to R?. It is further interesting that the character is very marked in nearly 
all the lower groups in the Femitheinae, and that the very few in which its position is moderated — at 
last even almost central — belong to the highly specialized forms, as OmpAacodes, Xenochlorodes and. the 
ambiguous Mixeofhanes ; so that the character would appear to have reached its zenith in the early days 
of the evolutionary history of the subfamily, and to be now somewhat on the wane, at least in certain 
branches 2). 
The c genitalia have been too little studied to allow of many generalizations, though the species 
which have been investigated seem to show generally a satisfactory homogeneity. The « gnathos » 
is, with a few curious and apparently arbitrary exceptions, present; the penis is very generally 
« pestillate ». We are indebted for our knowledge of these parts exclusively to the researches of 
Rev. C. R. N. Burrows and Mr. F. N. Pierce, who provide the following glossary of terms supplemental 
to those employed in Pierce's « Genitalia of the Group Noctuide of the Lepidoptera of the British 
Islands » : 
Gnathos : the lower jaw of the mandibulate uncus (— « shark's jaw » of Chapman 3). 
Socii : the two organs which in some species lie alongside the uncus. 
Pestillate : shaped like a pestle (used of the penis). 
Corema (plural, coremata) : the extensile organ bearing a brush of long hairs, springing from the 
dorsal extremity of the e ghth abdominal segment and above the junction with the tegumen. 
1) Warren GVovét, Zoof, Vol. 5. p. 13) uses the term « double areole » in diagnosing .Vzxoc/troa, and it could also be applied to Zezces£Aes; in 
these isolited cases there is no vital difference (apart from details of position) from the structure occurring in those genera of the Ac£a/itrae which have 
à double areole and SC? stalked (e. g. wacidaia, RAo fostrop/tia, part., etc.); but i any case they are of exceedingly exceptional occurence in the 
present subfami y. 1he origin of SC! much further proximally in the fcizaZiinae is still distinctive in such cases, and in them SC? anastomoses, with 
SC? at, or close to, the origin of SC*, whereas in the two Z/e»izAhzinae it anastomoses much later. 
2) Meyrick (Proc. iun. Soc. JN. ,S. IVales (2), Vol. 2, p. 867), in diagnosing [Zerostis] Zulops argocrana, suvs ; « 5i— R3) equidistant 
between 4 and 6 ». but his single specimen must have been an aberration; in a series of seven which we have examined, we find this vein variable in 
position, but never actually central. 
3) See Genera Insectorum, Fasc. 103, p. 6. 
