FAM. GEOMETRIDZE 
I9 
or wanting, in nearly all the specialized forms protectively assimilated to leaves, prevailing colour 
therefore green; termen of hindwing or of both wings frequently angled or irregular. Frenulum rarely 
very long or strong, but showing a strong tendency to progressive obsolescence; either (rz) fairly well 
developed in cf (see Fig. 1l) and consisting in Q of a moderate bunch of hairs (PI. 2, Fig. 14) 1); 
or (2) more or less short and weak in cf, arising from before a humeral dilation (Fig. 2), in Q wanting 
or vestigial; or (3) entirely wanting in both sexes, the humeral dilation stronger (Fig. 3). Both wings 
F1G. 1 
! Fic. 3 
FiG. 2 
Base of hindwing Base of hindwing l'ase of hindwing 
of Zerfna crocina, Butler, cG . of CAorocoma dicA/ora» ra, Guenée, c. of Zodts lactearia, Linné, c . 
with all the veins present 2), cells usually less than one-half the length of wing, frequently very short, 
discocellulars (or at least DC?) usually incurved, often very deeply, often very oblique posteriorly 3). 
Forewing with SC! arising near end of cell or stalked, free or anastomosing with C, or with C and SC?, 
rarely 4) with SC? only, never anastomosing with SC?; SC? scarcely ever 5) stalked with SC!, and oniy 
arising independently from the cell in the five most primitive genera, otherwise stalked with SC?9 with 
remarkable constancy, usually arising before, but sometimes after, SC*; SC*? always stalked, SC? very 
rarely 6) anastomosing with SC?; DC!, if present, nearly always very short and oblique, very frequently 
wanting, R! being stalked, or even long-stalked, with the subcostals; R? usually from above middle of 
discocellulars. Hindwing with humeral angle strong. expanding in proportion as the frenulum becomes 
reduced; C more variable than in the other subfamilies, normally free, but approximated to cell near 
base, diverging rapidly from before, or at latet at the middle of the cell; SC? usually stalked with R! 
(except in the earlier genera), R? neatly always from above, trequently from very much above the middle 
of the cell 7). 
The most characteristic features of the venation are the almost constant stalking of SC? of the 
forewing, the absolute absence of an areole, sens. str., i. e. such as results from anastomosis of SC! 
B 
1) We have only found à really robust 9 frenulum in CAorodozutopera. 
2) Except in CacocAorís uvidu/a and in the Acrortka section of Dz/odesua. 
3) When DC? forms one continuous curve we have usually expressed it simply by « DC incurved »; occasionally, when the anterior part of 
the curve is very steep. we have added an indication that the cell is thereby « produced apically ». When DC? is approximately vertical (or in hindwing 
slightly inclined to be oblique outwards) and only IC? incurved, we have usually only specified the latter; only when the resultant angle at the base of R? is 
exceptionally strong lave we called particular attention to it. When these two discocellulars form independent inward curves, the angulation at R? is of 
course accentuated, and always worthy of attention (compare Or»tzéAospila, etc.). Another equally striking phase of angulation sometimes occurs, and 
needs distinguishing from the last-mentioned; this is where DC? becomes extremely oblique, so that the anterior extremity of DC? it considerably further 
from the base of the win; than that of DC? (See PI. 4, Fig. 175; we have indicated it by stating that « DC" arises distally to DC? ». 
4) See our figured specimen of CAxysocAZoroma megaloplera, Pl. 3, Fig. 15. 
5) Only, so far as is known, in CacocA/oris oc/trea and. Helicopage (?) cinere« and. sometimes — by obsolescence of its base — in ZZypodoxa 
deferiorata. he latter is probably of little importance; we have seen a specimen of the allied 7. »i«5scosar?a in which, by a similar basal obsolescence, 
SC! is made to arise out of C. 
6) Only, so far as is known, in Zencestzes and sometimes MzxocAroa, Heltcopage (?) cinerea, Omp/tax bacoí? and RAhadinomphax divincía. 
Warren says also in ZZolecAroma (2) subrubelta. 
7) Almost central in .Xe»rocAorodes and sometimes in O»tgZacodes, central in MixeopAanes. 
