70 LEPIDOPTERA HETEROCERA 
Leptornis. Billberg, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. p. 9o (1820) (gen. indescr.). 
Holothalassis. Hübner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 285 (1826*). 
Geometra. Duponchel, Hist. Nat. Lép. Vol. 7 (2), p. 106 (1829) (Treitschke, 1825, part.; nec Linné, 
Leach restr., 1815). 
Geometra (Hipparchus). Herrich-Scháffer, Syst. Bearb. Schmett, Eur. Vol. 3, p. 8 (1544). 
Loxochila. Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 615 (1881). 
Megalochlora, Mevrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 95 (1892). 
Chloroglyphica. Warren, Novit. Zool. Vol. 1, p. 387 (1894). 
Geometrina. Warren, ibidem, Vol. 2, p. 39 (1895) (nec Motschulsky ). 
Hydrochroa. Gumppenberg, Nova Acta Acad. Leop. d. Naturf. Halle, Vol. 64, 459 (1595). 
Characters. — lace rounded, hardly protuberant, smooth-scaled. Palpus moderate to long. 
second joint rough-haired above and beneath, third joint shortish to moderate, in Q sometimes long, 
smooth-scaled. Tongue developed. Ahtenna moderate, in c bipectinate, apex usually simple. in Q 
nearly simple. Pectus and femora hairy. Hindtibia in c with hair-pencil (except in sponsaria), sometimes 
with a short terminal process, in both sexes with all spurs. larsi spinvulose. Abdomen not crested, in c 
sometimes (sponsaria, dieckmanni) with strong anal tuft. Wings ample, thickly scaled. Frenulum fully 
developed. Forewing with costa slightly arched or nearly straight (very straight in Section IV), apex 
usually acute, sometimes subfalcate, termen oblique, nearly straight to convex, smooth to somewhat 
crenulate, sometimes emarginate below apex, cell somewhat less than one-half, discocellulars more or 
less curved, sometimes slightly angled at origin of R*, SC! from cell, free or anastomosing with C 
(variable even in the type species), SC? normal, R! approximated, connate or verv shortly stalked 
with SC?9», M! approximated to R?; hindwing with apex rounded or nearly so, termen convex, rarely 
(smaragdus) smooth throughout, usually with an elbow or small tail at R?, sometimes also (fafilionarta, 
albovenaria, valida) crenulate throughout, cell less than one-half, discocellulars more or less curved, 
sometimes slightly angled at origin of R?. C approximated to cell rather shortly or moderatelv, then 
rapidly diverging, SC? approximated at origin to. R!, R? variable in exact position, M! approximated 
to R?. cf genitalia with uncus bifid, gnathos terminating in forward-curved point, harpe simple, with 
sacculus, penis rounded at base. 
Ecc. — Strongly-built, oval, the micropylar end broader and somewhat flattened, a depression 
on either side, the surface sculptured with strongly marked cells, micropyle shown by a shallow, 
circular, rayed pit (Bacot, on the type species, Enfom. Record, Vol. 17, p. 222, t. 8, f. 1a, 15). 
Lamgva. — In the type species rather stout. rugose, the surface more or less shagreened, segment- 
incisions well marked, head rounded in first instar, slightly notched afterwards, setze more or less tapering, 
mostly with enlarged tops, most of the primary setze in first instar forked, the voung larva showing 
traces of the habit of attaching silken threads which is so marked in some of the /7emitheinae. The small, 
hibernating larvae brown, of adaptive shade, protectively assimilating to tiny twigs, the larvze in the 
spring fixedly dimorphic, either green marked with brown, or altogether brown, wonderfully assimilated 
to the catkins of birch, etc., among which they are feeding; various small protuberances and projecting 
edges of segments enhancing the resemblance (see Bacot, loc. cit.; Grapes, T/te Entomologist, Vol. 22, 
p. r10; Poulton, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898, p 592, 1892, p. 310, etc.). 
Pupa. — Cylindrical, but for the projection of the wing-cases ventro-laterally ; a regular tapering 
from fourth abdominal segment to anal extremity ; a strong conical projection before anus bearing the 
armature of eight tall, slender hooks; segment-incisions, spiracles and set: disünct, sexual organs 
conspicuous ; spun loosely among leaves (fafilionaria; see Bacot, Entom. Record, Vol. 17, p. 225, for full 
description). 
