2 LEPIDOPTERA HETEROCERA 
species is sometimes strongly marked in some species and wholly absent in others; it should therefore 
be regarded as specific only. The stalking of veins 7-9 of the forewings is also found to be unreliable, 
sometimes occurring variously not only in different individuals of the same species, but evenin opposite 
wings of the same specimen. The lines of demarcation now drawn are found to make the genera natural 
and homogeneous, both superficially and geographically. 
The phylogeny is by no means clear, but I suppose Adela to be the earliest form extant, origin- 
ating perhaps in Central Asia; Nemofois is a development of this, which became dominant in the Indo- 
Malayan region, and Ceromitia another arising from a single species of Adela which found its way into 
the African region; Nemophora would then bea European offshoot from Ceromitia. The existence in South 
America of Trichorrhabda, which must also be an offshoot of Ceromitia. might apparently be accounted for 
by tracing it back to the ancient connection between South America and South Africa. which is supposed 
to have been in the Jurassic period, but it seems very improbable that the origin of this genus should 
be so remote, and I think it more likely that a practicable route could be found in more recent times by 
way of the Antarctic region. This phylogeny implies that torms with well-developed maxillary palpi have 
been developed from forms without them, which appears to be contrary to the principle originally laid 
down by myself that organs reduced to a really rudimentary condition are not redeveloped; but, as 
suggested in my Handbook of British Lepidoptera. p. 707, the explanation is probably afforded by their 
persistence in the pupal stage. 
'The resemblance of some species of the family in form and colouring of wing, and structure of 
head and antenna, to the Trichopterous family Leptoceridae is remarkable (some Indian species of Lefto- 
ceridae have brightly coloured wings with patterns very similar to those of Nemofois), but in the structure 
of wings and legs there is no approximation whatever, and I can only regard the similarity as due to 
similar causes; there does not seem any reason to suspect mimicry. The case is however a curious one, 
and deserves investigation. 
Larva elongate, cylindrical, with legs and prolegs on segments 7. 8, 9. 10 and 13 developed; at 
first mining in leaves or flowerheads, afterwards in a portable case on leaves, often fallen ones. Pupa 
with segments 7-11 and in c 12 free, protruded from cocoon in emergence. 
I record here 6 genera and 153 species. 
KEY TO THE GENEKA 
l2 
1. Maxillary palpi developed 
— Maxtiulary palpirudunentarytor obsolete RU 
2. Forewings with vein 7 to lermen  ..— . i as . . . . I. Genus NEMorHOna, Hübner. 
ODIT DIDI AMONT SUNL S e s. o 8. 9 18V S TB. S IS 9 GB o9 vw. B o4 6 0 5 o 3: 
3. Antennae in. C with very long fine ciliations . . Genus TuicHORRHABDA, Meyrick. 
l2 
— Antennae in cy shortly ciliated . 3. Genus Crnouiria, Zeller. 
4. Hindwimgs with 6 and 7 stalked 4. Genus NEMororis, Hübner. 
— Hindwings with 6 and 7 separate .. DEUM lu nil xv DCRSEN ITDUECIUL IRSE DOCS S Sic 
5. Hindwings ith 3 and 4 connate — . : M e . . . . 5, Genus ZowNors, Turner. 
— Hindwings wilh 3 and 4 remote... . CUT Uer Genus ADEDSA, IPatreile: 
Il. GeNUs NEMOPHORA, HÜBNER 
Nemophora. Hübner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 417 (1826). — Type : N. swammerdammella, Linngus. 
Nematopogon. Zeller, Isis, p. 185 (1839). — Type : N. schwarziella, Zeller. 
