72 TRAVELS IN THE EAST INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO. 



tered, and unsuitable for raising rice ; and many of 

 its people liave l^een obliged to migrate to tlie ad- 

 joining fertile shores of Java. The coffee-tree is 

 raised on this island, but the land is best adapted for 

 pasturage of the sapi, v^hich is similar in its habits 

 to our ovs^n neat-cattle, and never wallows in mires 

 and morasses like the buffalo. In the mountains on 

 the western part of Java, a wild species, the hanteng 

 (Bos sondaicus), is still found. It is not regarded 

 as the source of the sap I, but a fertile cross is ob- 

 tained from the two, and this intermediate l3reed is 

 said to be the one used on Bali and Lombok. The 

 sapi is found on all the islands to and including Ti- 

 mur, on Borneo, Celebes, and the Spice Islands, and 

 has been introduced into the Philippines since their 

 discovery, and now lives in a wild state on Luzon, 

 just as the cattle of the pampas in South America, 

 which have also descended from the domesticated 

 breeds imported by the Sj^aniards. 



On the eastern end of the island, which is quite 

 low, great quantities of salt are obtained by evapo- 

 rating water in " pans," or small areas enclosed with 

 low dikes, like rice-iields. It is also manufactured in 

 a similar manner at several places on the north coast 

 of Java and on the western shore of Luzon, in the 

 province of Pangasinan. Generally the coasts of the 

 islands throughout the archipelago are either too high, 

 or so low as to form merely muddy morasses, which 

 are mostly covered with a dense growth of mangroves. 

 In some places on the south coast of Java, sea- 

 water is sprinkled over sand. When this water has 

 evaporated, the process is repeated. The sand is then 



